Prevention of re-establishment of malaria

Schapira, Allan; Кондрашин, А В

doi:10.1186/s12936-021-03781-4

Cited by 11 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Likewise, malaria testing and screening from febrile outpatients compatible with suspected malaria can prevent lethal outcomes and increased timely and prompt case finding and diagnosis especially in high transmission settings. In low transmission settings, it could timely identify imported cases and provide credible evidence to measure prevention of re-establishment of malaria and also elimination criteria [ 32 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health workers readiness and practice in malaria case detection and appropriate treatment: a meta-analysis and meta-regression

Azizi

Majdzadeh

Ahmadi

et al. 2021

Malar J

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Background Health workers (HWs) appropriate malaria case management includes early detection and prompt treatment with appropriate anti-malarial drugs. Subsequently, HWs readiness and practice are considered authentic evidence to measure the health system performance regarding malaria control programme milestones and to issue malaria elimination certification. There is no comprehensive evidence based on meta-analysis, to measure the performance of HWs in case management of malaria. This study aimed to evaluate HWs performance in early malaria case detection (testing) and the appropriate treatment. Methods The published literature in English was systematically searched from Medline, Scopus, Embase, and Malaria Journal up to 30th December 2020. The inclusion criteria were any studies that assessed HWs practice in early case detection by malaria testing and appropriate treatment. Eligibility assessment of records was performed independently in a blinded, standardized way by two reviewers. Pooled prevalence estimates were stratified by HWs cadre type. Meta-regression analysis was performed to explore the impact of the appropriateness of the method and risk of bias as potential sources of the heterogeneity in the presence of effective factors. Results The study pooled data of 9245 HWs obtained from 15 included studies. No study has been found in eliminating settings. The pooled estimate for appropriate malaria treatment and malaria testing were 60%; 95% CI: 53–67% and 57%; 95% CI: 49–65%, respectively. In the final multivariable meta-regression, HWs cadre and numbers, appropriateness of study methods, malaria morbidity and mortality, total admissions of malaria suspected cases, gross domestic product, availability of anti-malarial drugs, and year of the publication were explained 85 and 83% of the total variance between studies and potential sources of the heterogeneity for malaria testing and treating, respectively. Conclusion HWs adherence to appropriate malaria case management guidelines were generally low while no study has been found in eliminating countries. Studies with the inappropriateness methods and risk of bias could be overestimating the actual proportion of malaria appropriate testing and treating. Strategies that focus on improving readiness and early identification of acute febrile diseases especially in the countries that progress to malaria elimination should be highly promoted.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health workers readiness and practice in malaria case detection and appropriate treatment: a meta-analysis and meta-regression

Azizi

Majdzadeh

Ahmadi

et al. 2021

Malar J

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“…Although great achievements have been made in eliminating indigenous cases of malaria in China, the elimination campaign still faces challenges in regions close to international borders ( Huang et al., 2021b ). It is difficult to maintain a malaria-free status in the post-elimination setting, and the risk of its re-establishment is plausible if the surveillance systems, malaria vigilance, and personnel for the diagnosis and treatment of malaria are inadequate ( Schapira and Kondrashin, 2021 ). Therefore, compared with traditional serological methods, this high-throughput and sensitive serological surveillance technique should have significant utility in evaluating the risk of malaria re-establishment in post-elimination settings.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serological surveillance on potential Plasmodium vivax exposure risk in a post-elimination setting

Huang

Cui

Huang

et al. 2023

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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China was declared malaria free in June of 2021. In the post-elimination setting, vigilant surveillance is essential to sustain malaria free status. Serological surveillance has been recognized as an efficient tool for assessing the immunity levels and exposure risk in a population. In this study, a cross-sectional serological survey was conducted in Yingjiang County, China, in August–September, 2021. The study sites were villages along the borders with Myanmar, which have no local transmission since the last indigenous case registered in 2016. A total of 923 participants from six villages were enrolled. The majority was aged > 36 years (56.12%) and 12.46% (115/923) participants had experienced malaria infection at least once. A magnetic- bead-based assay was used to test antibodies against Plasmodium vivax antigen PvMSP-119 to evaluate the prevalence of antibody positive subjects. A reversible catalytic model was used to assess the risk of exposure. The prevalence of anti-PvMSP-119 IgG was 12.84% [95% confidence interval (CI): 9.22%–16.47%], 13.93% (95% CI: 10.11%–17.74%), and 3.57% (95% CI: 1.40%–5.75%) in three different line-of-defense areas, which differed significantly (P < 0.0001). The prevalence of anti-PvMSP-119 IgG increased with age and no statistically significant difference was detected between the sexes. The reversible catalytic model indicated that the seropositive conversion rate and seronegative reversion rate were 0.0042, 0.0034, 0.0032 and 0.0024, 0.0004, 0.0065 in the first-, second-line-of-defense area and total areas, respectively, and the fitted value did not differ significantly from the observed value (P > 0.1). Although this study found the prevalence of antibody-positive subjects and the seroconversion rate in this post-elimination setting were lower than that in transmission setting, the population still had an exposure risk. Serological surveillance should be considered in post-elimination settings to provide valuable information with which to evaluate the risk of malaria re-establishment.

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“…SP methodology has been used as gold standard and in medical education in several studies [10][11][12]. The scenarios for SP methodology were generated based on our literature review and malaria expert inputs, tailored to assess HCPs' readiness and practice in low or no malaria transmission areas [1,7]. As with the tool, the suspected case would have acquired the infection elsewhere.…”

Section: Phase 2: Implementation; Evaluating the Tool By Comparison W...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Consequently, the absence of reported malaria cases may not necessarily mean that malaria is eliminated [1]. The alertness of general health services to malaria, known as vigilance, is a central component of malaria surveillance following elimination, and it must be established before malaria elimination certification can be granted [7]. The World Health Organization (WHO) malaria elimination guidelines include the indicator "percentage of patients with suspected malaria who received a parasitological test", but provide no advice on measurement of the denominator [5].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The study reported here aims to develop and validate a rapid survey tool called Simulated Malaria Online Tool (SMOT) for assessment of HCPs' practice in relation to CMSM through comparison of HCP performance according to the tool with performance when faced with a person simulating suspected malaria. A validated rapid tool for assessing HCPs' practice will be useful for assessing whether the current malaria surveillance system is able to detect, manage and report any new malaria case to the public health authorities; in other words, whether the surveillance system includes effective vigilance, which in combination with other measures can prevent the reestablishment of malaria transmission [7].…”

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confidence: 99%

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Development and validation of an online tool for assessment of health care providers’ management of suspected malaria in an area, where transmission has been interrupted

Azizi

Majdzadeh

Ahmadi

et al. 2022

Malar J

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Background The alertness and practice of health care providers (HCPs) in the correct management of suspected malaria (CMSM) (vigilance) is a central component of malaria surveillance following elimination, and it must be established before malaria elimination certification can be granted. This study was designed to develop and validate a rapid tool, Simulated Malaria Online Tool (SMOT), to evaluate HCPs’ practice in relation to the CMSM. Methods The study was conducted in East Azerbaijan Province, Islamic Republic of Iran, where no malaria transmission has been reported since 2005. An online tool presenting a suspected malaria case for detection of HCPs’ failures in recognition, diagnosis, treatment and reporting was developed based on literature review and expert opinion. A total of 360 HCPs were allocated to two groups. In one group their performance was tested by simulated patient (SP) methodology as gold standard, and one month later by the online tool to allow assessment of its sensitivity. In the other group, they were tested only by the online tool to allow assessment of any possible bias incurred by the exposure to SPs before the tool. Results The sensitivity of the tool was (98.7%; CI 93.6–99.3). The overall agreement and kappa statistics were 96.6% and 85.6%, respectively. In the group tested by both methods, the failure proportion by SP was 86.1% (CI 80.1–90.8) and by tool 87.2% (CI 81.4–91.7). In the other group, the tool found 85.6% (CI 79.5–90.3) failures. There were no significant differences in detecting failures within or between the groups. Conclusion The SMOT tool not only showed high validity for detecting HCPs’ failures in relation to CMSM, but it had high rates of agreement with the real-world situation, where malaria transmission has been interrupted. The tool can be used by program managers to evaluate HCPs’ performance and identify sub-groups, whose malaria vigilance should be strengthened. It could also contribute to the evidence base for certification of malaria elimination, and to strengthening prevention of re-establishment of malaria transmission.

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Prevention of re-establishment of malaria

Cited by 11 publications

References 12 publications

Health workers readiness and practice in malaria case detection and appropriate treatment: a meta-analysis and meta-regression

Health workers readiness and practice in malaria case detection and appropriate treatment: a meta-analysis and meta-regression

Serological surveillance on potential Plasmodium vivax exposure risk in a post-elimination setting

Development and validation of an online tool for assessment of health care providers’ management of suspected malaria in an area, where transmission has been interrupted

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