Prevention of spinal injuries from diving in Slovenia

Damjan, H.; Türk, Pınar

doi:10.1038/sc.1995.56

Cited by 14 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The usual type of injury found in most studies appears to result from compression, suggesting that injuries occur when the person's head hits the bottom of the pool. 13,14,17,25 However, Kewalramani et al found diving injuries resulted in only 20% burst fractures and 80% wedge or teardrop fractures, indicating¯exion type injuries that they believe occur on impact with the water rather than the bottom of the pool. 18,19 In the current study, information on the mechanism of injury was not collected.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These demographic ®ndings are consistent with several other studies of SCI resulting from diving mishaps. 14,16,18,22 Educational interventions might be coordinated with local school systems to increase awareness of the potential risks and safety precautions to minimize those risks. The educational message might focus on becoming familiar with the pool and making sure the depth of the pool is known before diving, avoiding alcohol when using swimming pools, not using pools during darkness, teaching proper diving technique, being careful about trying unusual types of dives, and not using the pool alone.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevention of spinal cord injuries that occur in swimming pools

DeVivo

Sekar

1997

Spinal Cord

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The purpose of this study was to determine the usual circumstances surrounding spinal cord injuries that occur in swimming pools so that appropriate primary prevention programs targeted at high risk persons, activities, and environments could be developed and initiated. A sample of 341 persons enrolled in the National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center database since 1973 whose injury was the result of a swimming pool mishap was identi®ed. Medical records were reviewed retrospectively and a survey questionnaire was administered by telephone to 196 persons (57.5%) who were located and agreed to participate. Average age at time of injury was 24 years, 86% of injured persons were men, 95% were white, 70% were never married, 32% had less than a high school education, and only 7% were college graduates. Almost all injuries (87%) occurred in private/residential pools. Most injuries (57%) occurred when diving into less than 4 feet of water, while an additional 38% occurred at water depths between 4 and 8 feet. Depth indicators were not present in 75% of cases. There were no warning signs posted in 87% of cases. There was no lifeguard on duty in 94% of cases. There was self-reported alcohol involvement in 49% of cases, but drugs were involved in only 2% of cases. Almost half of all injuries (46%) occurred during parties. In 44% of cases, the injury occurred during the person's ®rst visit to that particular pool. Ordinary dives accounted for 70% of cases, followed by unusual dives (17%), unintentional pushes (6%), and other circumstances (7%). Almost all injuries (88%) occurred between 1 pm and 1 am with the most frequent time of day being 6 pm, and 82% occurred during June, July or August. Over half (51%) of all injuries occurred on Saturday or Sunday. These results provide important clues to the development of a successful primary prevention program.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevention of spinal cord injuries that occur in swimming pools

DeVivo

Sekar

1997

Spinal Cord

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“…Die Frequenz derartiger Verletzungen ist regional stark unterschiedlich, bildet die Ausnahme in Slowenien [6] und beträgt 78% in den USA [8]. Die Frequenz derartiger Verletzungen ist regional stark unterschiedlich, bildet die Ausnahme in Slowenien [6] und beträgt 78% in den USA [8].…”

Section: Diskussionunclassified

Verletzungen der Halswirbelsäule beim Kopfsprung ins Wasser

Schwarz¹,

Sim

Nestinger

2001

Der Unfallchirurg

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116 patients with cervical spine injuries due to water sport accidents treated in eight Austrian institutions from 1991 to 1998 were reviewed retrospectively. There were 93% male, 72% were 15 to 29 years of age. 93% had injuries from diving into swimming pools or into open water. At discharge 58 patients had Frankel A lesions, 39 had incomplete cord lesions Frankel B to D, and 19 patients had no neurological injury. This data suggest that in Austria approximately one person per one million inhabitants per year sustains a spinal cord injury in a diving accident in shallow water.

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“…Studies looking at the prevention of diving accidents lay emphasis on education, and raising awareness of the dangers of negligence and reckless behavior in swimming pools [4,7,8,15]. Important advice includes ''don't dive into unfamiliar water'', ''don't permit or indulge in horseplay while swimming or diving'', ''link hands with the arms extended in the diving position'', and ''don't dive in water less twice your height''.…”

Section: Preventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cervical spine injuries resulting from diving accidents in swimming pools: outcome of 34 patients

et al. 2009

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Cervical spine injuries after diving into private swimming pools can lead to dramatic consequences. We reviewed 34 patients hospitalized in our center between 1996 and 2006. Data was collected from their initial admission and from follow-up appointments. The injuries were sustained by young men in 97% (mean age 27) and the majority happened during the summer (88%). Fractures were at C5-C7 in 70%. American Spinal Injury Association class (ASIA) on admission was A for 8 patients, B for 4, C for 4, D for 1, and E for 17. There were 23 surgical spine stabilizations. Final ASIA class was A for 6 patients, B for 1, C for 3, D for 5, and E for 18. The mean duration of hospitalization was 21.3 days in our neurosurgical center (mean overall cost: 36,000 Euros/patient) plus 10.6 months in rehabilitation center for the 15 patients admitted who had an ASIA class A to C. Mean overall direct cost for a patient with class A is almost 300,000 Euros, compared to around 10,000 Euros for patients with class D and E. In addition, a profound impact on personal and professional life was seen in many cases including 11 divorces and 7 job losses. Dangerous diving into swimming pools can result in spinal injuries with drastic consequences, including permanent physical disability and a profound impact on socio-professional status. Moreover, there are significant financial costs to society. Better prevention strategies should be implemented to reduce the impact of this public health problem.

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Prevention of spinal injuries from diving in Slovenia

Cited by 14 publications

References 6 publications

Prevention of spinal cord injuries that occur in swimming pools

Prevention of spinal cord injuries that occur in swimming pools

Verletzungen der Halswirbelsäule beim Kopfsprung ins Wasser

Cervical spine injuries resulting from diving accidents in swimming pools: outcome of 34 patients

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