Previous feeding level influences plateau heat production following a 24 h fast in growing pigs

Noblet

et al. 2016

animal

In immunocastrated (IC) pigs, revaccination (V2) increases lipid deposition (LD) because of increased voluntary feed intake; but little is known on associated effect of diet composition on partitioning of nutrients in IC pigs. Digestibility measurements, N and energy balances in respiration chambers were performed in two subsequent stages in four replicates of two male littermates to determine the changes between 85 (stage 1) and 135 (stage 2) kg live weight due to combined effect of IC, growth and increased feed intake (IC/growth). During stage 1, pigs received a standard low-fat diet (LF diet; 2.5% dry matter (DM) of fat fed at 2.27 MJ metabolizable energy (ME)/kg BW 0.60 per day), whereas during stage 2, feed intake was increased to 2.47 MJ ME/kg BW 0.60 per day and one littermate was fed LF diet whereas the second received a fat-enriched diet (HF diet; 8.9% DM of fat) to determine the effect of increased dietary fat content on energy utilization in IC pigs. Results from N balance and measurements of gas exchanges were used to calculate respiratory quotient (RQ), heat production (HP), nutrient contribution to fat retention, components of HP, protein deposition (PD) and LD. Nutrients and energy apparent digestibility coefficients, methane losses and N retention ( P < 0.05) increased with IC/growth. Despite higher ME intake, total HP remained similar (1365 kJ/kg of BW 0.60 per day; P = 0.47) with IC/growth. Consequently, total retained energy (RE) increased with IC/growth (from 916 to 1078 kJ/kg of BW 0.60 per day; P < 0.01) with a higher fat retention (625 to 807 kJ/kg BW 0.60 per day; P < 0.01), originating mainly from carbohydrates associated with a higher lipogenesis (536 to 746 kJ/kg BW 0.60 per day; P < 0.01) and RQ (1.095 to 1.145; P < 0.01). Both PD (from 178 to 217 g/day; P = 0.02) and LD (from 227 to 384 g/day; P < 0.01) increased due to IC/growth. Feeding HF diet after IC was associated with increased crude fat digestibility (P < 0.01) and increased RE as fat (807 to 914 kJ/kg BW 0.60 per day; P = 0.03), originating mainly from dietary fat ( P < 0.01) and resulting in increased LD (384 to 435 g/day; P < 0.01) and lower RQ (from 1.145 to 1.073; P < 0.01). Altogether, present results indicate that increased fatness of IC pigs is a result of increased daily LD caused by higher energy intake and lower basal metabolic rate. In addition, LD is further enhanced by dietary energy enrichment with fat after V2.

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Effect of high dietary fat content on heat production and lipid and protein deposition in growing immunocastrated male pigs

Batorek-Lukač

Noblet

et al. 2016

animal

“…In our study, FHP was estimated as the activity-free extrapolated plateau of HP from a modeling approach performed during the fasting day (van Milgen et al, 1997). However, FHP increased when previous FL increased, in agreement with Koong et al (1982) and de Lange et al (2006). Additionally, the measured FHP values were largely higher than the estimated value from equations (1a) and (1b), suggesting that the extrapolation to zero ME intake of such relationships is not adequate for estimating accurately FHP and ME m .…”

Section: Estimation Of Energy Requirements Of Veal Calvesmentioning

confidence: 64%

Effect of feed intake on heat production and protein and fat deposition in milk-fed veal calves

Labussière

Maxin

et al. 2009

Animal

Energy requirements for veal calves have not been updated recently despite the increased age at slaughter and the predominance of the Prim'Holstein breed in Europe. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of four feeding levels (FLs) on protein and fat deposition and heat production in milk-fed calves at three stages of fattening and to determine energy requirements of calves. At each stage, 16 Prim'Holstein male calves (mean body weight (BW): 73.4, 151.6 and 237.4 kg) were fed a milk replacer at 79%, 87%, 95% or 103% of a reference FL. Measurements for one stage were conducted over 4 successive weeks in two open-circuit respiration chambers and consisted of a 6-day nitrogen and energy balance followed by a fasting day for estimating fasting heat production (FHP) of the calves. Heat production (HP) measurements were analyzed using a modeling approach to partition it between HP due to physical activity (AHP), feed intake (thermic effect of feeding (TEF)) and FHP. There was no effect of FL and stage on apparent digestibility coefficients, except for a tendency for increased digestibility coefficient of fat as animals got older. The metabolizable energy (ME)/digestible energy (DE) ratio did not depend on FL but decreased (P , 0.01) as animals got older in connection with marked increases in urinary glucose and urea excretion. The AHP and TEF components of HP were not affected by stage or FL and averaged 8.4% and 7.8% of ME intake, respectively. The FHP, expressed per kg BW 0.85 , increased with increasing FL, suggesting that also ME requirement for maintenance (ME m ) may depend on FL. For an average intake of 625 kJ ME/kg BW 0.85 per day (95% of the reference FL), FHP was 298 kJ/kg BW 0.85 per day. Energy retention as protein and fat increased with increasing FL resulted in higher BW gain. But the rate of increase depended on stage of growth. The slope relating protein deposition to FL was lower in the finishing phase than in the growing phase, while the slope for lipid deposition was greater. Protein and fat contents of BW gain were not affected by FL but increased as animals got older. From these results, the energy requirements of veal calves are proposed according to a new approach, which considers that ME m (expressed per kg BW 0.85 ) depends on ME intake (kJ/kg BW 0.85 ) according to the following relationship: ME m 5 197 1 0.25 3 ME intake. The corresponding marginal efficiencies of ME utilization for protein and fat deposition are then 82% and 87%, respectively.

“…But the validity of the 0.75 exponent has been questioned in growing farm animals, and values of 0.60, 0.85 and 0.70 have been suggested for growing pigs (Noblet et al, 1999), growing calves (Labussière et al, 2008) and growing turkeys (Rivera-Torres et al, 2010), respectively. In addition, estimates of FHP vary with animal characteristics (e.g., genotype in pigs; van Milgen et al, 1998) and previous feeding conditions with a lower FHP at lower feeding levels in pigs, lambs or calves (Koong et al, 1982;de Lange et al, 2006;Labussière et al, 2011). Estimates of FHP also depend on the methods used for its measurement or calculation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fasting heat production and metabolic BW in group-housed broilers

Noblet

Lasnier

et al. 2015

Animal

Fasting heat production (FHP) is used for characterizing the basal metabolic rate of animals and the corresponding maintenance energy requirements and in the calculation of net energy value of feeds. In broilers, the most recent FHP estimates were obtained in the 1980s in slow-growing and fatter birds than nowadays. The FHP values (n = 73; six experiments) measured in 3 to 6-weekold modern lines of broilers weighing 0.6 to 2.8 kg and growing at 80 to 100 g/day were used to update these literature values. Each measurement was obtained in a group of fasting broilers (5 to 14 birds) kept in a respiration chamber for at least 24 h. The FHP estimate corresponds to the asymptotic heat production corrected for zero physical activity obtained by modeling the decrease in heat production during the fasting day. The compilation of these data indicates that FHP was linearly related to the BW 0.70 (in kg), which can be considered as the metabolic BW of modern broilers. The 0.70 exponent differs from the conventional value of 0.75 used for mature animals. The FHP per kg of BW 0.70 ranged between 410 and 460 kJ/day according to the experiment (P < 0.01). An experiment conducted with a shorter duration of fasting (16 h) indicated that FHP values are higher than those obtained over at least 24 h of fasting. Our values are similar to those obtained previously on fatter and slow-growing birds, even though the comparison is difficult since measurement conditions and methodologies have changed during the last 30 years. The FHP values obtained in our trials represent a basis for energy nutrition of modern broilers.Keywords: broiler, energy, fasting heat production, metabolic BW, calorimetry ImplicationsPrevious fasting heat production (FHP) values of broilers have been considered to be proportional to BW 0.75 and most literature values were obtained in fatter and slower growing broilers. The present compilation of measurements obtained in modern lines of broilers indicates that the new FHP values should be expressed per kg of BW 0.70 . They provide a basis for the estimation of maintenance requirements and the development of new energy systems for poultry, especially in connection with more appropriate systems that are based on the net energy concept.