Prey and Venom Efficacy of Male and Female Wandering Spider, Phoneutria boliviensis (Araneae: Ctenidae)

Valenzuela‐Rojas, Juan Carlos; González‐Gómez, Julio César; Meijden, Arie van der; Cortés, Juan Nicolás; Guevara, Giovany; Pérez, Lida Marcela Franco; Pekár, Stano; García, Luis Fernando

doi:10.3390/toxins11110622

Cited by 16 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…Martins and Bertani (2007) split Phoneutria nigriventer into three species, some of which had been recognized by other previous authors as valid. In the case of Phoneutria depilata, this species has been found co-occurring with P. boliviensis for several decades and many works on P. depilata have been published with the species misidentified as P. boliviensis (Valerio 1983;Hazzi et al 2013;Hazzi 2014;Estrada-Gomez et al 2015;Valenzuela-Rojas et al 2019, 2020. The combination of detailed morphological (coloration and genitalia morphology) and molecular data has allowed us to distinguish P. depilata from P. boliviensis, and therefore reconsider the status P. depilata as a valid species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Estrada-Gómez et al (2015) partially characterized the venom of this species, detecting Ctenitoxin-Pb48 and Ctenitoxin-Pb53, which showed a high homology with other Ctenitoxins (family Tx3) from P. nigriventer, P. keyserlingi and P. reidyi affecting voltage-gated calcium receptors (Cav 1, 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3) and NMDA-glutamate receptors. Valenzuela-Rojas et al (2019) found that the venom of P. depilata was significantly more effective on vertebrate (geckos) than invertebrate (spiders) prey in both LD50 and immobilization time. In addition, males had slightly more toxic venom (LD50) to geckos and much more toxic venom to spiders when compared to females (Valenzuela-Rojas et al 2019).…”

Section: Comments In Their Revision Of Phoneutriamentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Valenzuela-Rojas et al (2019) found that the venom of P. depilata was significantly more effective on vertebrate (geckos) than invertebrate (spiders) prey in both LD50 and immobilization time. In addition, males had slightly more toxic venom (LD50) to geckos and much more toxic venom to spiders when compared to females (Valenzuela-Rojas et al 2019). For two periods, March to May and October to November, adult males and females with egg sacs are always found in homes in the Inter-Andean Cauca Valley of Colombia.…”

Section: Comments In Their Revision Of Phoneutriamentioning

confidence: 97%

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Morphological and molecular evidence support the taxonomic separation of the medically important Neotropical spiders Phoneutria depilata (Strand, 1909) and P. boliviensis (F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897) (Araneae, Ctenidae)

Hazzi¹,

Hormiga²

2021

1,971

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The species of the genus Phoneutria (Ctenidae), also called banana spiders, are considered amongst the most venomous spiders in the world. In this study we revalidate P. depilata (Strand, 1909), which had been synonymized with P. boliviensisis (F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897), using morphological and nucleotide sequence data (COI and ITS-2) together with species delimitation methods. We synonymized Ctenus peregrinoides, Strand, 1910 and Phoneutria colombiana Schmidt, 1956 with P. depilata. Furthermore, we designated Ctenus signativenter Strand, 1910 as a nomen dubium because the exact identity of this species cannot be ascertained with immature specimens, but we note that the type locality suggests that the C. signativenter syntypes belong to P. depilata. We also provide species distribution models for both species of Phoneutria and test hypotheses of niche conservatism under an allopatric speciation model. Our phylogenetic analyses support the monophyly of the genus Phoneutria and recover P. boliviensis and P. depilata as sister species, although with low nodal support. In addition, the tree-based species delimitation methods also supported the separate identities of these two species. Phoneutria boliviensis and P. depilata present allopatric distributions separated by the Andean mountain system. Species distribution models indicate lowland tropical rain forest ecosystems as the most suitable habitat for these two Phoneutria species. In addition, we demonstrate the value of citizen science platforms like iNaturalist in improving species distribution knowledge based on occurrence records. Phoneutria depilata and P. boliviensis present niche conservatism following the expected neutral model of allopatric speciation. The compiled occurrence records and distribution maps for these two species, together with the morphological diagnosis of both species, will help to identify risk areas of accidental bites and assist health professionals to determine the identity of the species involved in bites, especially for P. depilata.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Comments In Their Revision Of Phoneutriamentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Comments In Their Revision Of Phoneutriamentioning

confidence: 97%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Morphological and molecular evidence support the taxonomic separation of the medically important Neotropical spiders Phoneutria depilata (Strand, 1909) and P. boliviensis (F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897) (Araneae, Ctenidae)

Hazzi¹,

Hormiga²

2021

1,971

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“…Spiders were found to differentiate among their target prey based on the different predatory strategies of their families. Wandering spiders (Ctenidae) are nocturnal, venomous, ambush hunters that preyed mostly on frogs, which are easy targets for these spiders due to their similar nocturnal behaviours and sedentary lifestyle (Valenzuela‐Rojas et al., 2019). Tangle‐web spiders (Theridiidae) are known for their web building and venomous bite, including those from black widows ( Latrodectus ) (Nyffeler & Vetter, 2018).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arthropods as vertebrate predators: A review of global patterns

Valdez

2020

Global Ecol. Biogeogr.

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Aim Arthropods as vertebrate predators is a generally overlooked aspect in ecology due to the cryptic nature of these events, the relatively small size of arthropods and the difficulty in finding published data. This study represents the largest global assessment of arthropods preying on vertebrates to provide a conceptual framework, identify global patterns and provide a searchable database. Location Global. Time period Present. Major taxa studied Arthropods and vertebrates. Methods A systematic literature review was conducted. Results Over 1,300 recorded observations were collated from 89 countries. Arthropod predators were from 6 classes and 83 families. Vertebrate prey were from 5 classes and 163 families. Spiders represented over half of all predatory events and were the main predator for all vertebrates except birds, which were mostly preyed upon by praying mantises. Forty percent of all prey were amphibians, specifically frogs. Depredated reptiles were nearly all lizards, half of mammal prey were bats, nearly a third of fish were Cypriniformes and half of bird prey were passerines. Predation by spiders was mainly documented from the U.S., Brazil and Australia, and biased mostly everywhere except the U.S.; insect predatory events were mainly documented from Europe, Australia and the Americas, and biased toward North America; amphibian events were mainly from the Americas and strongly biased everywhere, except for the U.S. and Australia; reptiles events were recorded mostly from the Americas and Australia, and biased towards the U.S. and Australia; predation on birds were mainly from the Americas, Australia and Europe, and biased towards Central America and Europe; and mammal events were mostly reported from North and Central America, Australia, and Asia, and strongly biased everywhere except Brazil. Main conclusions This study demonstrates that arthropods are underestimated predators of vertebrates. Recognizing and quantifying these predator–prey interactions is vital for identifying patterns and the potential impact of these relationships on shaping vertebrate populations and communities.

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“…Four papers deal with venom and diet, two focusing on spiders and two on snakes. Valenzuela-Rojas et al [ 11 ] studied the venom of the wandering spider Phoneutria boliviensis in relation to sex and preferred prey classes, revealing that despite no difference in prey selection between males and females, males produced a smaller quantity of (equivalently potent) venom than females. Moreover, despite readily accepting both gecko and spider prey, the venom of P. boliviensis was far more lethal to geckos yet immobilized spiders quicker (at the same body size), demonstrating complex ecological relationships between diet and venom toxicity that may be difficult to infer from lethality data alone.…”

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confidence: 99%