Evaluating more than 317,000 discount certificates in the German secondary market, we find that premiums and spreads are endogenous and negatively related but depend on different key determinants. The fundamental determinants of the premiums are mainly profit-related, that is, dividends of the underlying, issuers' credit risk, lifecycle effect, and competition, whereas hedging costs are less important. However, initial hedging costs (IHC) are priced into the premium in the case of large inventory changes. The spread is mostly determined by hedging costs and risk components, such as IHCs, rebalancing costs, volatility, scalper risk, and overnight gap risk-but also by dividends. K E Y W O R D S derivatives, discount certificates, hedging, market microstructure, pricing, trading costs J E L C L A S S I F I C A T I O N D40; G12; G21
| INTRODUCTIONA prominent and well-studied phenomenon of listed retail (investment) structured products-also commonly referred to as "(investment) certificates"-is their overpricing in the secondary market, that is both bid and ask quotes set by the issuers (as well as traded prices) exceed their mathematically "fair" theoretical values. 1 This is reflected in a positive premium defined as the relative difference between mid-quote and "fair" value. 2 A variety of studies described below have analyzed the determinants of this premium and acknowledge that the reported premiums do not represent issuers' net earnings, as premiums have to cover issuers' costs. However, these studies do not explicitly incorporate the issuers' cost side in their empirical analyses. Furthermore, the literature ignores the bid/ask spread, its potential determinants and the potential link between premium and spread.This paper aims at deepening our understanding of issuers' price-setting behavior in the market for retail structured products by closing these gaps. To the best of our knowledge we are the first to incorporate the issuers' cost side into the ---This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.