Prigogine theorem of minimum entropy production applied to the average-atom model

Comparison of Iron Plasma Atomic and Radiative Properties Computed with a Relativistic Collisional Radiative Average Atom Code versus Other Models

“…In this section can be found a gross summary of the average atom models evolution according to the progressive treatment of bound and free electrons in the ion-sphere model and according also to the quantum numbers with respect to splitting of the matter structure, of first generation with n-splitting (NOHEL, XSN [8]), of second generation with nl-splitting [10][11][12][13] and of third generation with nlj-splitting (THERMOS, ATMED LTE & CR, OPAQS, …) [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32]. Highlighting some formulas, it can be noticed the long-term maintained evolution of atomic codes considering the average atom as a statistical item of energy configuration levels (ground state of minimum energy, single excited, doubly excited, autoionizing level, etc.…”

“…Other quantum models of Atom in Jellium (Atome dans un Jellium de Charge Imposée, AJCI) formalism were developed during decades of 90's and 2000, as CASSANDRA [21,22], PURGATORIO [23], VAAQP [16] or the collisional radiative codes with nl-splitting of References [10][11][12][13].…”

“…This article has displayed also the fundamental chronology of average atom models evolution as a consequence of the gradual quantization of matter atomic structure The present work contains a representative sample of steady state iron plasmas, highlighting the huge computation capability extension up to millions of plasmas with the implementation of a collisional radiative balance in the relativistic average atom model ATMED [4 departures from LTE regime are clearly observed when plasma properties are computed with module ATMED CR (T R = 0 eV or T respect of calculating with ATMED CR (T The non-LTE effects for all cases are more significant with decreasing densities and increasing temperatures depending on the atomic number of the element, intrinsic characteristic behavior of plasma conditions which in turn is also very well reproduced by ATMED CR code. Inside the thesis book [2,42] more data of iron plasmas can be found illustrating the extension of computation capability with cases also contained inside other References [10,17,30,43]. There is a good agreement of atomic and radiative properties with respect to very recent experimental measurements of laboratories simulated by other codes [44] and to the last theoretical developments in quantum mechanics of statistical methods and state of the art models, The present work contains a representative sample of steady state iron plasmas, highlighting the huge computation capability extension up to implementation of a collisional radiative balance in the relativistic average atom model ATMED [4][5][6][7].…”

“…LTE effects for all cases are more significant with decreasing densities and increasing temperatures depending on the atomic number of the element, intrinsic characteristic behavior of plasma conditions is also very well reproduced by ATMED CR code. Inside the thesis book [2,42] more data of iron plasmas can be found illustrating the extension of computation capability with cases also contained inside other References [10,17,30,43]. There is a good ment of atomic and radiative properties with respect to very recent experimental measurements of laboratories simulated by other codes [44] and to the last theoretical developments in quantum mechanics of statistical methods and state of the art models, confirming tested high robustness and reliability of ATMED model software.…”

Plasmas Computed with ATMED CR of the 4th Non Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium Code Comparison Workshop Database

“…The calculation of accurate relativistic atomic populations including nlj-splitting of electronic orbitals, improves the precision of atomic properties as mean charge, rates and the resolution of spectral properties as opacities and radiative power losses, with respect to collisional radiative average atom codes as XSN of W. Lokke and W. Grasberger of 1977 with n-splitting [8,9] or considering nl-splitting [10][11][12][13]. The CR balance is based on iterative loops for reaching auto convergence in populations and plasma mean charge [14].…”