Primary and recombined emitting species in laser-induced plasmas of organic explosives in controlled atmospheres

Delgado, T.; Vadillo, José M.; Laserna, J.J.

doi:10.1039/c4ja00157e

Cited by 33 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Plasma modeling is a diverse subject [9,10] with variety of applications. Recently, much attention has been paid to formation and detection of molecules in LIPs of organic [11,12] and inorganic [13,14] origins. Molecular reactions occur at sufficiently low temperatures at which anions may form.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anions in laser-induced plasmas

Shabanov

Gornushkin

2016

Appl. Phys. A

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The equation of state for plasmas containing negative atomic and molecular ions (anions) is modeled. The model is based on the assumption that all ionization processes and chemical reactions are at local thermal equilibrium and the Coulomb interaction in the plasma is described by the Debye-Hückel theory. In particular, the equation of state is obtained for plasmas containing the elements Ca, Cl, C, Si, N, and Ar. The equilibrium reaction constants are calculated using the latest experimental and ab initio data of spectroscopic constants for the molecules CaCl 2 , CaCl, Cl 2 , N 2 , C 2 , Si 2 , CN, SiN, SiC, and their positive and negative ions. The model is applied to laserinduced plasmas (LIPs) by including the equation of state into a fluid dynamic numerical model based on the NavierStokes equations describing an expansion of LIP plumes into an ambient gas as a reactive viscous flow with radiative losses. In particular, the formation of anions Cl -, C -, Si -, Cl À 2 , Si À 2 , C À 2 , CN -, SiC -, and SiN -in LIPs is investigated in detail.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anions in laser-induced plasmas

Shabanov

Gornushkin

2016

Appl. Phys. A

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“…Recent work has revealed the effects of substrate and interferent dependence [171] on analyte classification and how selective sampling can enable surface sensitivity [172][173][174][175][176]. Effects caused by wind [177], thermal radiation [166,178,179], and different atmospheres [179][180][181] were also investigated.…”

Section: Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopymentioning

confidence: 98%

Advances in explosives analysis—part II: photon and neutron methods

et al. 2015

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The number and capability of explosives detection and analysis methods have increased dramatically since publication of the Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry special issue devoted to Explosives Analysis [Moore DS, Goodpaster JV, Anal Bioanal Chem 395:245-246, 2009]. Here we review and critically evaluate the latest (the past five years) important advances in explosives detection, with details of the improvements over previous methods, and suggest possible avenues towards further advances in, e.g., stand-off distance, detection limit, selectivity, and penetration through camouflage or packaging. The review consists of two parts. Part I discussed methods based on animals, chemicals (including colorimetry, molecularly imprinted polymers, electrochemistry, and immunochemistry), ions (both ion-mobility spectrometry and mass spectrometry), and mechanical devices. This part, Part II, will review methods based on photons, from very energetic photons including X-rays and gamma rays down to the terahertz range, and neutrons.

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“…In parallel, the scrutinizing of linkage between the optical emitting pattern of these radicals and the presence, nature, and position of the atoms within a molecular solid, 16 the monitoring of the temporal and spatial behaviors of their emissions, [17][18][19][20] as well as the elucidation of their formation routes [21][22][23][24][25] have been investigated. In this respect, recent research on formation dynamics of C 2 and CN molecules has benefited from selective isotopic labeling with 13 C atoms.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…25,33,34 Investigations related to isotopic labeling of these species date back many years, when band systems of the CD, 35 ND, 36 and OD 37 radicals were spectrally analyzed from flash photolysis of diazomethane, heavy hydrazoic acid and hydrogen peroxide vapor. 25,33,34 Investigations related to isotopic labeling of these species date back many years, when band systems of the CD, 35 ND, 36 and OD 37 radicals were spectrally analyzed from flash photolysis of diazomethane, heavy hydrazoic acid and hydrogen peroxide vapor.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…25,33,34 Investigations related to isotopic labeling of these species date back many years, when band systems of the CD, 35 ND, 36 and OD 37 radicals were spectrally analyzed from flash photolysis of diazomethane, heavy hydrazoic acid and hydrogen peroxide vapor. [21][22][23][24][25] However, studies on the mechanisms leading to molecular emissions in fs laser ablation 39 are still very scarce despite the interesting features of ultrashort laser ablation. 38 Similar studies on CD and ND band systems have not been reported so far.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exploring the formation routes of diatomic hydrogenated radicals using femtosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy of deuterated molecular solids

Serrano

Moros

Laserna

2015

J. Anal. At. Spectrom.

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In recent years, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has expanded beyond the multielemental analysis capability by exploring molecular solids and the optical emissions from diatomic radicals. Despite the many efforts to this end, the greatest emphasis has been placed on the study of the dynamics and the optical and temporal behavior of CN and C 2 emissions in order to elucidate the main chemical reactions occurring in the plasma. Other diatomic species, whose emission bands also appear in the visible and nearultraviolet regions of the LIBS spectrum, remain virtually unexplored. This research focuses, for the first time, on elucidating the formation pathways of CH, NH, and OH radicals in femtosecond laser-produced plasmas of molecular solids. As the origin of diatomic species is not easily traceable to a single formation route due to the occurrence of primary and secondary processes within the plasma plume, isotopic labeling of some molecules has been used as a diagnostics tool. Deuterated isotopologues of urea, terephthalic acid and anthracene have been evaluated. The dominant routes have been identified through a comparison of the observed isotopic patterns. Findings reveal the direct release of native molecular bonds as a significant source that populates femtosecond laser-produced plasmas with NH radicals. Additional reactions of native hydrogen from molecules and atmospheric nitrogen also contribute to form such species. Oxygen from the atmosphere competes with nitrogen in these reactions to populate plasmas with OH radicals. Alternatively, the direct connection between C 2 and CH emissions verify that this radical derives from diatomic carbon fragments as precursors. These new findings entail a further step towards the use of molecular emissions as diagnostics tools in the analytical applications of laser-induced plasmas of organic compounds.

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Primary and recombined emitting species in laser-induced plasmas of organic explosives in controlled atmospheres

Abstract: The main difficulties in spectral interpretation of laser-induced plasmas from species containing C, N, O or H rely on the crossroad concerning their origin: direct release from native bonds of the molecule or recombination of atoms and molecular fragments with ambient constituents.

Cited by 33 publications

References 33 publications

Anions in laser-induced plasmas

Anions in laser-induced plasmas

Advances in explosives analysis—part II: photon and neutron methods

Exploring the formation routes of diatomic hydrogenated radicals using femtosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy of deuterated molecular solids

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