Primary and Secondary Leucocyte Changes Following the Intramuscular Injection of Epinephrine Hydrochloride 1

In vitro and in vivo analysis of the effects of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in patients

“…Initially, only mature neutrophils are released into the circulation, but at high doses of rhG-CSF some metamyelocytes and myelocytes are also seen in the peripheral blood after 2 or 3 days. This response is quite different from the biphasic leucocyte changes which are seen following the parenteral administration of epinephrine (Samuels, 1951) which causes a prompt mobilisation of all white cell elements (maximal within 20 minutes) thought to be secondary to demargination of leucocytes from postcapillary venules. In fact, during the first hour of the rhG-CSF infusion we found a transient decrease in peripheral neutrophils with no significant change in other circulating cell numbers.…”

Complete blood count at the ED: preanalytic variables for hemoglobin and leukocytes

“…first reported by Mora et al [8] in 1926 and later confirmed in experimental studies by Wittkower [9] and Toft et al [10]. In 1951, Samuels [11] observed a case of early polymorphonucleated leukocytosis in response to adrenaline, with a peak at 2 to 4 hours; this finding was confirmed by Benschop et al [12]. Cortisol has also been found to play a role in the acute onset of leukocytosis in patients presenting in the ED [13].…”

Penetrating abdominal wound caused by a firework.

“…Interestingly, a polymorph leucocytosis of extremely variable degree that occurred some hours after 10 minutes' exercise was noted in one study of lymphocyte subpopulations but not investigated further.3 A biphasic leucocyte response, similar to that reported here, was noted after administration of adrenaline. 4 We suggest that adrenaline released during exercise causes a small immediate leucocytosis in most people by its direct effect on leucocyte demargination. The second, delayed leucocytosis may occur because cortisol acts subsequently to release leucocytes from the bone marrow.5…”