Primary and secondary poisoning by anticoagulant rodenticides of non-target animals in Spain

A review: poisoning by anticoagulant rodenticides in non-target animals globally

“…Of these, 19 papers report poisoning of raptors. There are six publications from the U.S.A. [9, 42, 45, 48,49,50], three from Canada [1, 18, 55], nine from the U.K. [7, 19, 31, 46, 47, 58,59,60,61], two from France [13, 25], three from Spain [28, 43, 44], two from Denmark [5, 11], one from Norway [26], and four from New Zealand (NZ) [6, 8, 14, 35]. These reports and the proposed exposure pathways are summarized below.…”

“…Altogether, there were 2,694 out of 4,891 individuals (55%) of non-target animals have been reported to have AR residues in their livers between 1981 and 2013 [1, 5,6,7,8,9, 11, 13, 14, 18, 19, 25, 26, 28, 31, 35, 42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50, 55, 58,59,60,61](A)FGARsSGARsWarfarinCouma-tetralylDipha-cinoneChloro-phacinoneBrodi-facoumBroma-dioloneDifen-acoumDifeti-aloneFlocou-mafenDetection rate (%)1.04.55.05.631.030.026.05.05.7The number of detection27108991131,4651,3461,048101175The number of analysis2,6392,3911,972…”

Poisoning of cats and dogs by the carbamate pesticides aldicarb and carbofuran

“…However, in some cases, haemorrhage may not be observed at necropsy, and only the toxicological screening can exclude the rodenticide poisoning (Sanchez- Barbudo et al, 2012). The histopathological analysis of forensic cases is widely discussed and sometimes considered controversial due to condition of conservation of the carcass.…”

Risk assessment of bearded vulture ( Gypaetus barbatus ) exposure to topical antiparasitics used in livestock within an ecotoxicovigilance framework

“…Based on initial results and, clinical signs and necropsy findings, other chemicals were also investigated. Anticoagulant rodenticides were analysed in cases where evidence of haemorrhages were observed (as described by Sánchez-Barbudo et al, 2012c). In cases with severe congestion or haemorrhages within the digestive tract, arsenic was determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy with graphite furnace (GF-AAS) after sample digestion in a microwave oven as described by Reglero et al (2008).…”