Primary and secondary Hymenopteran parasitoids of scale insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea) in fruit orchards in Syria

Abstract

A survey for primary and secondary Hymenopteran parasitoids of scale insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea) in fruit orchards (apple, plum, date, olive, fig, citrus), was conducted in Syria during 2009–2012. Thirty three species of parasitoids belonging to the families Aphelinidae, Encyrtidae, Eulophidae and Pteromalidae were recorded as parasitoids on scale insects. Thirty two of these were primary parasitoids and one was a hyperparasitoid. The family with the greatest number of genera and species is Encyrtidae with 8 genera (48% of the total) and 12 species (35% of the total). The genus with the greatest number of Encyrtid species was Metaphycus. Parasitoids of scale insects identified included several species already included on the List of biological control agents widely used in the EPPO region ‘EPPO Positive list' and suggestions for additions to this list were made.

Parasitoid and predator species of Coccidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) species in fruit orchards of Diyarbakır and Elazığ Provinces, Türkiye

“…In Türkiye, Ülgentürk (2001), Ülgentürk et al (2004), and in Iran, Fallahzade and Japoshvili (2017), reported that B. longipennis parasitizes E. tilae. Some studies conducted in Türkiye and abroad have shown that B. longipennis is aparasitoid of P. corni (Blahutiak 1972;Japoshvili & Karaca 2002;Japoshvili et al 2008b;Basheer et al 2014).…”

Scale insect species (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in Syria

“…Scale insects (including mealybugs) are considered as some of the most serious economic pest insects in many countries of the world including Syria (Basheer & Mahmalji, 2006;Basheer et al, 2014). Scale insects have been previously reported as pests on fruit trees, olive, citrus, date palm, ornamental plants, forest trees and agricultural crops (Balachowsky, 1948;Gullan & Cranston, 2005;Miller & Davidson, 2005;S ßis ßman & € Ulgent} urk, 2009;Ben-Dov et al, 2013).…”