Primary Copper Smelter and Refinery as a Recycling Plant—A System Integrated Approach to Estimate Secondary Raw Material Tolerance

Forsén, Olof; Aromaa, Jari; Lundström, Mari

doi:10.3390/recycling2040019

Cited by 41 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Pb, Zn, and Sn are dropped in slag or off-gas, particularly in smelting and converting; a low percentage of these turn out to be in the blister copper. Pb may also be separated in the anode furnace using substances such as silica flux [30]. Pb, Zn, and Sn may also cut off in anode slime through electrorefining [30].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pb may also be separated in the anode furnace using substances such as silica flux [30]. Pb, Zn, and Sn may also cut off in anode slime through electrorefining [30].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…So, copper from any sort of metallurgical, industrial, or consumer waste is considered secondary copper. Smelting in a shaft furnace is the most common pyrometallurgical route for refining copper from secondary sources [28][29][30][31]. However, the process has its own issues, such as impurities associated with the secondary materials.…”

Section: Process Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thermodynamic-Based Exergy Analysis of Precious Metal Recovery out of Waste Printed Circuit Board through Black Copper Smelting Process

et al. 2019

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Exergy analysis is one of the useful decision-support tools in assessing the environmental impact related to waste emissions from fossil fuel. This paper proposes a thermodynamic-based design to estimate the exergy quantity and losses during the recycling of copper and other valuable metals out of electronic waste (e-waste) through a secondary copper recycling process. The losses related to recycling, as well as the quality losses linked to metal and oxide dust, can be used as an index of the resource loss and the effectiveness of the selected recycling route. Process-based results are presented for the emission exergy of the major equipment used, which are namely a reduction furnace, an oxidation furnace, and fire-refining, electrorefining, and precious metal-refining (PMR) processes for two scenarios (secondary copper recycling with 50% and 30% waste printed circuit boards in the feed). The results of the work reveal that increasing the percentage of waste printed circuit boards (PCBs) in the feed will lead to an increase in the exergy emission of CO 2 . The variation of the exergy loss for all of the process units involved in the e-waste treatment process illustrated that the oxidation stage is the key contributor to exergy loss, followed by reduction and fire refining. The results also suggest that a fundamental variation of the emission refining through a secondary copper recycling process is necessary for e-waste treatment.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pb may also be separated in the anode furnace using substances such as silica flux [30]. Pb, Zn, and Sn may also cut off in anode slime through electrorefining [30].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Process Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thermodynamic-Based Exergy Analysis of Precious Metal Recovery out of Waste Printed Circuit Board through Black Copper Smelting Process

et al. 2019

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“…The selection of the process is determined by the Cu minerals bound to ores, being Cu sulfides predominantly treated by pyrometallurgical process and Cu oxides by hydrometallurgical process. However, the pyrometallurgical process is the most commonly employed technology for Cu [79].…”

Section: Germanium Recovery From Copper Smelting Flue Dustmentioning

confidence: 99%

Germanium: Current and Novel Recovery Processes

Ruíz¹,

Córdoba²,

MorenoPalmerola³

2018

Advanced Material and Device Applications With Germanium

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Germanium (Ge) is considered a critical element due to its many industrial applications; Ge is a metalloid used in solar cells, fiber optics, metallurgy, chemotherapy, and polymerization catalysis. The main sources of Ge are sulfides ores of Zn, Pb, and Cu, coal deposits, as well as by-products and residues from the processing of these ores and coals (e.g., smelting flue dust and coal fly ashes). Indeed, over 30% of global Ge consumed come from recycling processes. The recovery of Ge from sulfide ores is mostly based on hydrometallurgical processes followed by a number of mass transfer techniques to concentrate Ge (e.g., solvent extraction). However, environmental-friendly extraction methods of Ge from coal fly ashes and copper smelting flue dust have recently been proposed in order to reduce environmental impacts. In addition, novel processes based on absorption of Ge with ribbon grass have become an interesting option not only to produce Ge but also to boost soil decontamination and biogas production. This chapter presents a general description of Ge occurrence, associations, and chemistry as well as a review of the current and novel recovery processes of Ge. The main sources of Ge and its main industrial applications are also discussed.

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“…However, the chance of an easy recovery of precious metals is hindered by the high diversity of additional materials and elements, which leads to an increased input of impurities into the copper phase and requires an extensive slag design during the smelting process. Simultaneously, less noble trace metals, such as indium, tantalum and gallium, are lost in the slag and cannot be recovered [1,2]. From the environmental point of view, the processing of WEEE in copper smelters makes high demands of the off-gas treatment because the combustion of adhering plastics releases harmful substances such as dioxins and halides.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermochemical Modelling and Experimental Validation of In Situ Indium Volatilization by Released Halides during Pyrolysis of Smartphone Displays

Flerus

Swiontek

Bokelmann

et al. 2018

Metals

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The present study focuses on the pyrolysis of discarded smartphone displays in order to investigate if a halogenation and volatilization of indium is possible without a supplementary halogenation agent. After the conduction of several pyrolysis experiments it was found that the indium evaporation is highly temperature-dependent. At temperatures of 750 • C or higher the indium concentration in the pyrolysis residue was pushed below the detection limit of 20 ppm, which proved that a complete indium volatilization by using only the halides originating from the plastic fraction of the displays is possible. A continuous analysis of the pyrolysis gas via FTIR showed that the amounts of HBr, HCl and CO increase strongly at elevated temperatures. The subsequent thermodynamic consideration by means of FactSage confirmed the synergetic effect of CO on the halogenation of indium oxide. Furthermore, HBr is predicted to be a stronger halogenation agent compared to HCl.

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Primary Copper Smelter and Refinery as a Recycling Plant—A System Integrated Approach to Estimate Secondary Raw Material Tolerance

Cited by 41 publications

References 14 publications

Thermodynamic-Based Exergy Analysis of Precious Metal Recovery out of Waste Printed Circuit Board through Black Copper Smelting Process

Thermodynamic-Based Exergy Analysis of Precious Metal Recovery out of Waste Printed Circuit Board through Black Copper Smelting Process

Germanium: Current and Novel Recovery Processes

Thermochemical Modelling and Experimental Validation of In Situ Indium Volatilization by Released Halides during Pyrolysis of Smartphone Displays

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