Primary cutaneous malignancies in nonalbino and albino Africans

Okafor, Okechukwu Charles; Onyishi, Nnaemeka Thaddeus

doi:10.1111/ijd.15312

Cited by 11 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Melanoma is rare, and we found no reported cases of melanoma, however, cases of amelanotic melanoma in HPS have been previously reported in the literature [15]. This is consistent with findings of patients with albinism in Brazil and several countries in Africa [16][17][18][19][20][21]. Acne was the most common skin condition in our sample which is consistent with its high prevalence in the general United States (U.S.) population.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Dermatologic manifestations in patients with the Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome types 1 and 3

Malave

Izquierdo

Sánchez

2022

Orphanet J Rare Dis

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Background The Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome (HPS) is a genetically heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by oculocutaneous albinism, bleeding diathesis, and systemic complications. It is the most common genetic disorder in Puerto Rico. These patients are at a significant risk of developing a variety of skin complications and little is known about the prevalence of dermatologic diagnoses in this population. Objectives To report dermatologic manifestations in patients with Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome (HPS). Secondary aims include skin concerns, sun protection habits, barriers to dermatologic care, and skin cancer knowledge. Methods Cross-sectional study with twenty-nine Puerto Rican patients who carried a clinical diagnosis of HPS type 1 or type 3 through a telephonic questionnaire. Results Twenty-nine patients participated with a mean (SD) age of 37.3 (16.8) years and the majority were female (69%). The most common diagnoses were skin cancer (34.5%), acne (34.5%), bacterial skin infections (34.5%), warts (24%), urticaria (17.2%), and psoriasis (17.2%). The most common skin concerns were dry skin (62.1%), hair loss (58.9%), redness (34.5%), moles (31%), and rash (31%). The most common sun protection behavior was wearing a shirt that covers the shoulders (93.1%, often or always) and the least common was wearing a hat (24.1%, often or always). Higher income was significantly associated with being more likely to use sunscreen often or always (OR = 3.38, 95% CI 1.02–11.18, p = 0.04). Those in northern urban areas were significantly less likely to report barriers to dermatologic care (OR = 0.13, 95% CI 0.02–0.76, p = 0.02). Conclusions This study provides an important overview of the most common self-reported skin manifestations in patients with HPS. Unfortunately, a high prevalence of cutaneous malignancy was reported. The results stress the need for adequate care and potential interventions to promote sun protection behaviors and skin cancer prevention.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Dermatologic manifestations in patients with the Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome types 1 and 3

Malave

Izquierdo

Sánchez

2022

Orphanet J Rare Dis

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“…Importantly, CPDs are known as signature DNA lesions in CM cells and require UVr and oxidized melanin to form ( 33 , 44 ). In agreement with this notion, epidemiological studies have shown that dark skin individuals display a much higher frequency of CM and a lower frequency of other non-CM skin cancers, when compared to albinos, in which CM is very rare and carcinomas occur frequently ( 45 , 46 ). Therefore, these studies suggest that melanin is required for the development of CM.…”

Section: Melanin: a “Double-edged Sword” In Cutaneous Melanoma Initia...mentioning

confidence: 57%

The Dark Side of Melanin Secretion in Cutaneous Melanoma Aggressiveness

Cabaço

Tomás²,

Pojo³

et al. 2022

Front. Oncol.

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Skin cancers are among the most common cancers worldwide and are increasingly prevalent. Cutaneous melanoma (CM) is characterized by the malignant transformation of melanocytes in the epidermis. Although CM shows lower incidence than other skin cancers, it is the most aggressive and responsible for the vast majority of skin cancer-related deaths. Indeed, 75% of patients present with invasive or metastatic tumors, even after surgical excision. In CM, the photoprotective pigment melanin, which is produced by melanocytes, plays a central role in the pathology of the disease. Melanin absorbs ultraviolet radiation and scavenges reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) resulting from the radiation exposure. However, the scavenged ROS/RNS modify melanin and lead to the induction of signature DNA damage in CM cells, namely cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers, which are known to promote CM immortalization and carcinogenesis. Despite triggering the malignant transformation of melanocytes and promoting initial tumor growth, the presence of melanin inside CM cells is described to negatively regulate their invasiveness by increasing cell stiffness and reducing elasticity. Emerging evidence also indicates that melanin secreted from CM cells is required for the immunomodulation of tumor microenvironment. Indeed, melanin transforms dermal fibroblasts in cancer-associated fibroblasts, suppresses the immune system and promotes tumor angiogenesis, thus sustaining CM progression and metastasis. Here, we review the current knowledge on the role of melanin secretion in CM aggressiveness and the molecular machinery involved, as well as the impact in tumor microenvironment and immune responses. A better understanding of this role and the molecular players involved could enable the modulation of melanin secretion to become a therapeutic strategy to impair CM invasion and metastasis and, hence, reduce the burden of CM-associated deaths.

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“…Most of the studies were done in Nigeria followed by Tanzania. Speci cally, 10 of the studies [15,[21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] had only albino skin cancer subjects; 4 studies [16,[30][31][32] equally had only albino subjects but reported on skin cancers and other skin diseases; 9 studies [13,[33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40] had mixed samples of albinos and nonalbinos.…”

Section: Study Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast, pigmented Africans rarely develop BCC. In a recent analysis of 450 African patients with primary cutaneous malignancy in a Nigerian hospital, 39 had BCC and 74% (29/39) of these occurred in African albinos [ 13 ]. Most keratinocyte carcinomas in pigmented Africans are SCC carcinomas, often occurring in non-sun-exposed sites and arising from or commonly associated with chronic inflammatory conditions and scars [ 14 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similar to the Caucasians, keratinocyte carcinomas in African albinos tend to be multifocal and more at sun-exposed body sites. [ 13 ] But, there have been variations in the incidence proportion of keratinocyte carcinomas reported in African albinos. While some studies [ 15 ] report a preponderance of SCC over BCC, similar to pigmented Africans.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence of Squamous and Basal Cell Carcinomas in African Albino Skin Cancer Lesions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Proportion

Onyishi

Ohayi

2022

Journal of Skin Cancer

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Context. Keratinocyte carcinomas are the most common malignant condition in Caucasian populations. African albinos have hypomelanized sensitive skin that is quite susceptible to photocarcinogenesis. Of the keratinocyte carcinomas, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) has been found more frequent in pigmented Africans, while basal cell carcinoma (BCC) predominates in Caucasians. While some studies report a preponderance of SCC over BCC in African albinos, congruent with the situation in pigmented Africans, other reports have found BCCs to be more frequent and consistent with the pattern in Caucasians. Objective. To estimate the prevalence of cutaneous SCC and BCC in all histologically confirmed skin cancer lesions in African albinos.The following five databases are as follows: African Journals Online (AJOL), PubMed, Europe PMC, and Google Scholar were searched for relevant articles. Study Selection: included studies were case series and cross-sectional studies of histologically confirmed skin cancers in African albinos. Data extraction and synthesis: data extraction and synthesis was informed by the meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology guideline. By random effect meta-analysis, we calculated the pooled prevalence of SCC and BCC in skin cancer lesions of the African albinos. Result. We abstracted 695 skin cancer lesions from 540 African albinos (275 male and 241 female albinos with sex not stated in 24 subjects). There were 419 SCCs and 249 BCCs. By meta-analysis, the pooled prevalence of SCC is 64% (95% CI; 50–77%). The prevalence for BCC is 31% (95% CI; 19–45%). Conclusion. Overall, squamous cell carcinoma is the predominant type of keratinocyte carcinoma reported in African albinos. SCC is preponderant in case series of surgical excision biopsies while BCC predominates in studies reporting on albino skin surveillance programmes.

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Primary cutaneous malignancies in nonalbino and albino Africans

Cited by 11 publications

References 35 publications

Dermatologic manifestations in patients with the Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome types 1 and 3

Dermatologic manifestations in patients with the Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome types 1 and 3

The Dark Side of Melanin Secretion in Cutaneous Melanoma Aggressiveness

Prevalence of Squamous and Basal Cell Carcinomas in African Albino Skin Cancer Lesions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Proportion

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