Primary investigation of 31 infants with suspected congenital rubella syndrome in Sudan

Adam, Omer; Hussein, A. El; Eragi, A. El

doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02966.x

Cited by 18 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…This result does not exclude the risk of CRS in our population, as CRS can occur even when susceptibility levels are below 10% [13]. In accordance with this fact, we have recently documented the occurrence of CRS in Sudan, when 11 CRS case were laboratory confirmed in a hospital-based study during June 2005 to May 2006 [6]. Consequently, it is highly recommended to assess the burden of CRS in Sudan because a high number of CRS cases might occur if this low susceptibility is due to recent rubella outbreaks.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 51%

“…Rubella vaccine is not included in the Sudanese national immunization programme, and data on the prevalence of rubella among women of childbearing age are inadequate [5]. Furthermore, there is no routine surveillance for CRS, and data on its incidence are extremely scarce [6]. Sudanese surveillance for measles and rubella since 2006 has reported that rubella infection is a frequent cause of none-measles rash [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Seroprevalence of rubella among pregnant women in Khartoum state, Sudan

Adam

Makkawi²,

Kannan³

et al. 2013

East Mediterr Health J

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Rubella vaccine is not included in the Sudanese national immunization programme, and data on the prevalence of rubella among women of childbearing age are inadequate. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to determine the seroprevalence of rubella among pregnant women in Khartoum state, Sudan. A total of 500 pregnant women who visited 7 antenatal clinics from November 2008 to March 2009 were examined for the presence of rubella IgG antibodies using ELISA. Rubella IgG antibodies were detected in 95.1% (95% CI: 93.2%-97.0%) of women. This seroprevalence was significantly associated with education level, but not with age, residence area, occupation or parity. We presume this high seroprevalence indicates a high circulation of wild rubella virus in Khartoum state. Similar studies in other Sudanese states would be important for informing a decision to introduce rubella vaccine to Sudan.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 51%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroprevalence of rubella among pregnant women in Khartoum state, Sudan

Adam

Makkawi²,

Kannan³

et al. 2013

East Mediterr Health J

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“…Previously, we identified CRS in 11 Sudanese infants using ELISA, reverse transcriptase-PCR and rubella virus isolation [9]. Another recent study identified seven cases of congenital rubella infection among 92 newborns in Khartoum based on ELISA testing of cord blood [24].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, neither routine CRS surveillance nor rubella vaccination is available and data on CRS are inadequate. We documented the occurrence of CRS in Sudan for the first time in 2010 [9] and reports about rubella seroprevalence among pregnant women are available from some Sudanese states including Khartoum State [10] and West Sudan [11]. The present study aimed to identify CRS cases among Sudanese infants presented at different hospitals in Khartoum to obtain more information about the CRS situation in Sudan.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of congenital rubella syndrome in Sudan

2014

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BackgroundEpidemiological data about congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) are scarce and rubella vaccine is not yet included in the childhood immunization schedule in Sudan. This study aimed to identify and describe CRS cases among Sudanese infants with congenital eye or heart defects.MethodsBetween February and September 2010, paired oral fluid and dried blood spot samples were collected from 98 infants aged up to 12 months. These infants were enrolled during their visits to five hospitals in Khartoum, Sudan. Clinical samples were screened for rubella IgM and for ≥ 6 months old infants also for IgG antibodies by ELISA. The oral fluid of IgM and/or IgG positive patients was tested for rubella RNA by reverse transcriptase PCR.ResultsOur findings revealed that two children (2.0%) were IgM positive and another five children (5.1%) were positive for IgG antibodies. None of the five infants of which enough oral fluid was available for RNA investigation was PCR positive.ConclusionsThis study documented the presence of CRS in Sudan and highlighted the importance of rubella vaccine introduction for preventing future CRS cases in the country.

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“…Genotype assignments were made using an alignment of sequences from the DRC and the 32 WHO reference virus sequences [WHO, 2013] using the neighbor joining algorithm of the MEGA6 program [Tamura et al, 2013]. Rubella sequences from the neighboring countries of Sudan [Omer et al, 2010], Uganda [Namuwulya et al, 2014], and Tanzania [Centers-for-Disease-Control-and-Prevention, 2013] were also used in this analysis. Rubella sequences from this study were deposited on GenBank under accession numbers KU218397-KU218404.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotypes of rubella virus and the epidemiology of rubella infections in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2004–2013

Pukuta

Waku‐Kouomou

Abernathy

et al. 2016

Journal of Medical Virology

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Rubella is a viral infection that may cause fetal death or congenital defects, known as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS), during early pregnancy. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that countries assess the burden of rubella and CRS, including the determination of genotypes of circulating viruses. The goal of this study was to identify the genotypes of rubella viruses in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Serum or throat swab samples were collected through the measles surveillance system. Sera that tested negative for measles IgM antibody were tested for rubella IgM antibody. Serum collected within 4 days of rash onset and throat swabs were screened by real-time RT-PCR for rubella virus RNA. For positive samples, an amplicon of the E1 glycoprotein gene was amplified by RT-PCR and sequenced. 11733 sera were tested for rubella IgM and 2816 (24%) were positive; 145 (5%) were tested for the presence of rubella RNA by real-time RT-PCR and 10 (7%) were positive. Seventeen throat swabs were analyzed by RT-PCR and three were positive. Sequences were obtained from eight of the positive samples. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the DRC rubella viruses belonged to genotypes 1B, 1E, 1G, and 2B. This report provides the first information on the genotypes of rubella virus circulating in the DRC. These data contribute to a better understanding of rubella burden and the dynamics of rubella virus circulation in Africa. Efforts to establish rubella surveillance in the DRC are needed to support rubella elimination in Africa.

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Primary investigation of 31 infants with suspected congenital rubella syndrome in Sudan

Cited by 18 publications

References 10 publications

Seroprevalence of rubella among pregnant women in Khartoum state, Sudan

Seroprevalence of rubella among pregnant women in Khartoum state, Sudan

Identification of congenital rubella syndrome in Sudan

Genotypes of rubella virus and the epidemiology of rubella infections in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2004–2013

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