Primary melanoma of the gallbladder: Does it exist Report of a case and review of the literature

Safioleas, M; Agapitos, E.; Kontzoglou, Konstantinos; Stamatakos, Michail; Safioleas, Panagiotis; Mouzopoulos, George; Kostakis, Alkiviadis

doi:10.3748/wjg.v12.i26.4259

Cited by 22 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…This suggests that these cells are instead mast cells, which express Mitf and were previously reported to be present in the connective tissues of gallbladder [18,19]. Furthermore, gallbladder is a derivative of the endoderm and normal melanocytic cells have yet to be described in organs of endodermal origin [20]. Wnt5A expression in distal but not uninvolved region epithelia is difficult to explain.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The immunohistochemistry of invasive and proliferative phenotype switching in melanoma: a case report

Eichhoff¹,

Zipser²,

et al. 2010

Melanoma Research

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Purpose To date there remains no effective therapy for metastatic melanoma and at the molecular level disease progression remains poorly understood. Recent work by our group led to the development of a novel phenotype switching model for melanoma progression, wherein cells transition back-and-forth between states of proliferation and invasion to drive disease progression. To explore the model’s clinical relevance we interrogated phenotype-specific expression patterns in human melanoma patient material. Experimental Design A matched primary/metastasis pair from a human melanoma patient was obtained and immunohistochemically stained for proliferative and invasive phenotype markers. These were also stained for hypoxia and blood vessel markers. Results Proliferative phenotype markers Melan-A and Mitf showed consistent anti-correlation with invasive phenotype marker Wnt5A and hypoxia marker Glut-1. These also correlated with observed intra-tumoural vascularisation patterns. Similar pattern distributions were present in both primary and metastasis samples. Strikingly, we observed that late phase metastatic melanoma cells adopt morphologies and behaviours identical to very early phase cells. Conclusions The expression patterns observed closely matched expectations derived from previous in vitro and xenografting experiments. These results highlight the likelihood that disease progression involves melanoma cells retaining the capacity to regulate the expression of metastatic potential critical factors according to changing microenvironmental conditions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The immunohistochemistry of invasive and proliferative phenotype switching in melanoma: a case report

Eichhoff¹,

Zipser²,

et al. 2010

Melanoma Research

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“…Primary gallbladder melanoma has been observed in conjunction with dysplastic nevus syndrome (Ricci et al 2001). Rosenthal 1931;Pautler and Gallavan 1951;Thayer et al 1955;Kazmann and Zukaukas 1956;Walsh 1956;Larmi 1960;Jones 1961;Raffensberger et al 1963;Simard et al 1966;Das Gupta et al 1969;Balthasar and Javors 1975;Peison and Rabin 1976;Sierra-Calejas and Warecka 1976;Hatae et al 1978;Carle et al 1981;Anderson et al 1983;Borja et al 1984;Naguib and Aterman 1984;Seul and L€ uchtrath 1984;Rudolph et al 1985;Verbanck et al 1986;Heath and Womack 1988;Guerini et al 1990;Zhang et al 1991;Habeck 1993;Hatanake et al 1993;Higgins and Strutton 1995;Velez et al 1995;Longwitz et al 1996;Saoshiro et al 1996;Dong et al 1999;De Simone et al 2000;Ricci et al 2001;Medina et al 2003;Rea and van Heerden 2004;Safioleas et al 2006;Martel et al 2009. It is difficult to judge whether all the reported cases were in fact bona fide primary tumors or rather melanoma metastases, which are well known to occur in the gallbladder (see below; Higgins and Strutton 1995; Safioleas et al 2006).…”

Section: Primary Malignant Melanoma Of the Gallbladder Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Primary and Secondary Malignant Melanoma, and Other Melanotic Tumor, of the Hepatobiliary Tract

Zimmermann¹

2016

Tumors and Tumor-Like Lesions of the Hepatobiliary Tract

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Malignant melanoma (MM) is an aggressive malignancy that frequently involves the hepatobiliary tract, due to the frequent metastases to the liver. Therefore, most of malignant melanotic lesions detected in the liver and bile ducts are metastases of skin melanomas. But there is a small group of MM that takes its origin in the hepatobiliary tract, albeit the cell of origin is not yet known, possibly a neural crest cell that homed to this organ during embryogenesis. Primary MM is well documented for extrahepatic bile ducts and the gallbladder, where primary MMs have been described since long. In particular, primary gallbladder MM is a recognized entity with characteristic growth patterns. In contrast, primary hepatic MM is less well defined and numerous cases published in the old literature may be misinterpretations because metastatic disease is difficult to exclude in many cases, because the primary tumor may have been missed or had regressed. A distinct situation is ocular MM which is known to produce liver metastases after a long time delay. There are rare other melanotic tumors that can manifest in the liver, including melanotic progonoma. A tumor related to MM and known to have visceral manifestations is clear cell sarcoma or melanoma of soft parts.

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“…Selected References Thayer et al 1955;Walsh 1956;Jones 1961;Raffensperger et al 1963;Debiec et al 1966;Gabriele and Jouffre 1969;Tanga and Ewing 1970;Balthazar and Javors 1975;Peison and Rabin 1976;Sierra-Callejas and Warecka 1976;Hatae et al 1978;Carle et al 1981;Baumann et al 1982;Anderson et al 1983;Borja et al 1984;Naguib and Aterman 1984;Seul and L€ uchtrath 1984;Rudolph et al 1985;Verbanck et al 1986;Heath and Womack 1988;Guerini et al 1990;Zhang et al 1991;Habeck 1993;Hatanaka et al 1993;Velez et al 1995;Longwitz et al 1996;Safioleas et al 2006;Colaneri et al 2010;Korkmaz et al, 2010;Gligorijevic et al 2011;Pitlovic et al 2011. The morphology and clinical presentation of proven metastatic malignant melanoma of the gallbladder may closely mimic that of "true" or purported primary melanoma of the gallbladder, so that distinguishing these two situations is difficult and has led to the question whether primary malignant melanoma of the gallbladder exists (Higgins and Strutton 1995;Safioleas et al 2006). Thus, at least part of the published primary gallbladder melanomas may in fact represent metastatic lesions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Melanocytic, Neuroectodermal, Germ Cell, Rhabdoid, Perivascular Epithelioid Cell, Hemolymphatic, and Metastatic Tumors of the Gallbladder

Zimmermann¹

2016

Tumors and Tumor-Like Lesions of the Hepatobiliary Tract

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The gallbladder is involved by a wide variety of non-epithelial tumors, apart from mesenchymal neoplasms. Visceral malignant melanoma develops in the biliary tract, including the gallbladder. As both primary and metastatic gallbladder melanomas may show similar of the same growth patterns, the differential diagnosis between these two conditions is often difficult. Primary gallbladder melanoma is more likely if the tumor shows a polypoid or lobulated and in particular papillary growth pattern, is a solitary lesion, and is associated with junctional activity in the adjacent mucosa. In contrast, metastatic lesions are more commonly multiple, flat, and without junctional changes. Apart from neuroendocrine tumors, other neuroectodermal neoplasms can develop as primary tumors in the gallbladder. Rare primary neoplasms in this organ include germ cell tumors, rhabdoid tumors, perivascular epithelioid cell tumors, and hemolymphatic neoplasms. Apart from malignant melanoma, numerous other malignancies can metastasize to the gallbladder, renal cell carcinoma being a particularly common metastasizing tumor. Malignant Melanoma of the Gallbladder Pathogenic Pathways Few melanocytes are present in the normal gallbladder mucosa, and it has been suggested that malignant melanomas take their origin from these cells that have spread from the neural crest to the gallbladder during oncogenesis. Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor (PNET) of the Gallbladder Differential Diagnosis Differential diagnosis on conventionally stained sections mainly includes other small cell tumors occurring in the gallbladder, e.g., small cell carcinoma or lymphoma. Differential Diagnosis Gallbladder paraganglioma may occur as a component of multiple paragangliomas, involving the common bile duct and the liver in addition to the gallbladder (Ferrell et al. 1990).

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Primary melanoma of the gallbladder: Does it exist Report of a case and review of the literature

Cited by 22 publications

References 28 publications

The immunohistochemistry of invasive and proliferative phenotype switching in melanoma: a case report

The immunohistochemistry of invasive and proliferative phenotype switching in melanoma: a case report

Primary and Secondary Malignant Melanoma, and Other Melanotic Tumor, of the Hepatobiliary Tract

Melanocytic, Neuroectodermal, Germ Cell, Rhabdoid, Perivascular Epithelioid Cell, Hemolymphatic, and Metastatic Tumors of the Gallbladder

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