Primary Motor Cortex Influences on the Descending and Ascending Systems

Canedo, Antonio

doi:10.1016/s0301-0082(96)00058-5

Cited by 203 publications

(159 citation statements)

References 469 publications

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“…In previous studies, aMF showed adaptations in cases of severe lesions to the PT (Belhaj-Saif and Cheney 2000; Lindenberg et al 2010;Rüber et al 2012). Overall, this would support the notion that the PT might be more involved in the execution and control of finegrained distal finger movements, while aMF might be more involved in proximal motor control and that aMF only show adaptations in response to distal motor requirements when the PT system is damaged (Canedo 1997;Lemon 2008). …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

“…We not only examined the pyramidal tract (PT), but also so-called alternate motor fibers (aMF). These aMF might comprise the cortico-rubro-spinal and the cortico-reticulo-spinal tracts (Canedo 1997). They have been found to play an important role and show adaptations in motor recovery after lesions to the PT (Lindenberg et al 2010;Rüber et al 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Differential Adaptation of Descending Motor Tracts in Musicians

2013

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Between-group comparisons of musicians and nonmusicians have revealed structural brain differences and also functional differences in motor performance. In this study, we aimed to examine the relation between white matter microstructure and high-level motor skills by contrasting 2 groups of musicians with different instrumentspecific motor requirements. We used diffusion tensor imaging to compare diffusivity measures of different corticospinal motor tracts of 10 keyboard players, 10 string players, and 10 nonmusicians. Additionally, the maximal tapping rates of their left and right index fingers were determined. When compared with nonmusicians, fractional anisotropy (FA) values of right-hemispheric motor tracts were significantly higher in both musician groups, whereas left-hemispheric motor tracts showed significantly higher FA values only in the keyboard players. Voxel-wise FA analysis found a group effect in white matter underlying the right motor cortex. Diffusivity measures of fibers originating in the primary motor cortex correlated with the maximal tapping rate of the contralateral index finger across all groups. The observed between-group diffusivity differences might represent an adaptation to the specific motor demands of the respective musical instrument. This is supported further by finding correlations between diffusivity measures and maximal tapping rates.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential Adaptation of Descending Motor Tracts in Musicians

2013

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“…Likewise, the geometric reorientation process and the process for locating objects with respect to movable landmarks (not discussed in the target article but a focus of Biegler & Morris 1993;and Hermer-Vazquez et al 2001), are again two mechanisms among many with partly overlapping functionality. It is becoming increasingly clear that living organisms possess multiple, partly redundant, and partly unique coding and control mechanisms, all the way from the genetic level (Lobe & Nagy 1998;White 2002) to the level of large-scale neural circuits (Canedo 1997;McDonald & White 1993). In support of this for the cognitive level, young children conjoin geometric and nongeometric information to reorient themselves in larger environments (Learmonth et al 2001; in press), and rats eventually learn to locate an object in the correct spatial relationship to a movable landmark (Biegler & Morris 1996).…”

Section: Viewing Cognitive Mechanisms In the Context Of Biologymentioning

confidence: 99%

The cognitive functions of language

2002

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This paper explores a variety of different versions of the thesis that natural language is involved in human thinking. It distinguishes amongst strong and weak forms of this thesis, dismissing some as implausibly strong and others as uninterestingly weak. Strong forms dismissed include the view that language is conceptually necessary for thought (endorsed by many philosophers) and the view that language is de facto the medium of all human conceptual thinking (endorsed by many philosophers and social scientists). Weak forms include the view that language is necessary for the acquisition of many human concepts and the view that language can serve to scaffold human thought processes. The paper also discusses the thesis that language may be the medium of conscious propositional thinking, but argues that this cannot be its most fundamental cognitive role. The idea is then proposed that natural language is the medium for nondomain-specific thinking, serving to integrate the outputs of a variety of domain-specific conceptual faculties (or central-cognitive "quasimodules"). Recent experimental evidence in support of this idea is reviewed and the implications of the idea are discussed, especially for our conception of the architecture of human cognition. Finally, some further kinds of evidence which might serve to corroborate or refute the hypothesis are mentioned. The overall goal of the paper is to review a wide variety of accounts of the cognitive function of natural language, integrating a number of different kinds of evidence and theoretical consideration in order to propose and elaborate the most plausible candidate.Keywords: Cognitive evolution; conceptual module; consciousness; domain-general; inner speech; language; logical form (LF); thought Peter Carruthers is Professor of Philosophy and Chair of the Philosophy Department at the University of Maryland, College Park. Until recently he Directed the Hang Seng Centre for Cognitive Studies at the University of Sheffield. He is the author of eight books, coeditor of four, and has published numerous articles in journals and collections. There are two major foci to his main research area in philosophy of psychology. One is the nature of consciousness, where he has developed and defended a form of higher-order thought theory. The other is the architecture of human cognition, and the place of natural language within it.that language is only a channel, or conduit, for transferring thoughts into and out of the mind, they are then obliged to claim that the stream of inner verbalization is more-or-less epiphenomenal in character. (Some possible minor cognitive roles for inner speech, which should nevertheless be acceptable to those adopting this perspective, will be canvassed later.) The real thinking will be going on elsewhere, in some other medium of representation.One reason for the popularity of the communicative conception amongst cognitive scientists is that almost all now believe that language is a distinct input-output module of the mind (at least in some ...

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“…A second aim was to examine the effects induced on mvCN projection neurons by electrically stimulating the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis (NRGc) and the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR), two structures anatomically interconnected, receiving polysensory input, and implicated in sensorimotor integration (Armstrong, 1988;Whelan, 1996;Canedo, 1997;Jordan, 1998;Takakusaki et al, 2003;Winn, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Processing Afferent Proprioceptive Information at the Main Cuneate Nucleus of Anesthetized Cats

Leiras¹,

Velo²,

Martín-Cora³

et al. 2010

J. Neurosci.

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Medial lemniscal activity decreases before and during movement, suggesting prethalamic modulation, but the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Here we studied the mechanisms underlying proprioceptive transmission at the midventral cuneate nucleus (mvCN) of anesthetized cats using standard extracellular recordings combined with electrical stimulation and microiontophoresis. Dual simultaneous recordings from mvCN and rostroventral cuneate (rvCN) proprioceptive neurons demonstrated that microstimulation through the rvCN recording electrode induced dual effects on mvCN projection cells: potentiation when both neurons had excitatory receptive fields in muscles acting at the same joint, and inhibition when rvCN and mvCN cells had receptive fields located in different joints. GABA and/or glycine consistently abolished mvCN spontaneous and sensory-evoked activity, an effect reversed by bicuculline and strychnine, respectively; and immunohistochemistry data revealed that cells possessing strychnine-sensitive glycine receptors were uniformly distributed throughout the cuneate nucleus. It was also found that proprioceptive mvCN projection cells sent ipsilateral collaterals to the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis and the mesencephalic locomotor region, and had slower antidromic conduction speeds than cutaneous fibers from the more dorsally located cluster region.The data suggest that (1) the rvCN-mvCM network is functionally related to joints rather than to single muscles producing an overall potentiation of proprioceptive feedback from a moving forelimb joint while inhibiting, through GABAergic and glycinergic interneurons, deep muscular feedback from other forelimb joints; and (2) mvCN projection cells collateralizing to or through the ipsilateral reticular formation allow for bilateral spreading of ascending proprioceptive feedback information.

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Primary Motor Cortex Influences on the Descending and Ascending Systems

Cited by 203 publications

References 469 publications

Differential Adaptation of Descending Motor Tracts in Musicians

Differential Adaptation of Descending Motor Tracts in Musicians

The cognitive functions of language

Processing Afferent Proprioceptive Information at the Main Cuneate Nucleus of Anesthetized Cats

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