Primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the thymus

Gaude, Gajanan S; Hattiholi, Virupakshi; Malur, Prakash R; Hattiholi, Jyothi

doi:10.4103/0300-1652.108904

Cited by 14 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Most patients present with signs and symptoms related to a rapidly expanding mediastinal mass, such as cough, chest pain, and superior vena cava syndrome. [5] Indeed, our case presented with upper gastrointestinal bleeding due to associated endocrinopathy along with an underlying thymic carcinoid. There are some thoughts on how corticosteroids may compromise the gastric mucosa.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

A thymic neuroendocrine carcinoma presenting with upper gastrointestinal bleeding: A case report

Yaldız¹

2017

Turk Gogus Kalp Dama

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[5] It has been estimated that over one-third of patients are asymptomatic and are incidentally diagnosed. Most patients present with signs and symptoms related to a rapidly expanding mediastinal mass, such as cough, chest pain, and superior vena cava syndrome.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A thymic neuroendocrine carcinoma presenting with upper gastrointestinal bleeding: A case report

Yaldız¹

2017

Turk Gogus Kalp Dama

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“…This limitation might result from the fact that overall, most patients with locally advanced cancer also had metastasis and resection was usually not possible. Additionally, the issue of metastasis, their impact on outcomes, and extent of thymic surgery have remained controversial (2,6,21). Further, we were unable to include the presence of comorbidities, their associations with cancer progression, and mortality rates in our present analysis due to lack of information on comorbidity data such as diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases in SEER registries (22,23).…”

Section: Study Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The comparison of predictive factors regarding prognoses and invasion of thymic neuroendocrine tumors preoperatively and postoperatively

Bian

et al. 2018

J. Thorac. Dis.

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Background: Thymic neuroendocrine tumors (TNT), in the anterior mediastinum, are extremely rare diseases which have significantly poor prognoses. Studies have rarely provided conclusive evidence of the prognostic factors of TNT. Standard therapies have been controversial. Methods: TNT patients (n=173) were enrolled from Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database (SEER). Univariate and multivariate analyses were utilized to evaluate predictive factors of prognoses.Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the plausible correlation between histological grade, and cancer invasion. Stratification analysis was used to evaluate the effectiveness of adjuvant therapies.Results: According to our analysis, local Masaoka stage, surgery, radiotherapy, and non-chemotherapy predicted better overall survival (OS) (P<0.05, for all) in 173 TNT patients. We found that the higher the histological grade of the tumor, the greater the rate of metastasis (P<0.05). The focus was on 125 surgically treated patients, who were females with poor prognostic factors of OS, upgraded histological grade, and advanced Masaoka stage (P<0.01, for all). The effectiveness of radiotherapy treatments had discrepancies at different clinical stages. In the local stage, radiotherapy caused significantly worse OS (P=0.011), while in the advanced stage, patients demonstrated significantly better OS with this treatment (P=0.028). Chemotherapy incidence of TNT has increased recently (4). In most body parts, the malignancy of carcinoid is significantly lower than carcinoma (5). However, the thymus carcinoid has a higher degree of malignancy than thymoma and thymus carcinoma (2). Five-and 10-year survival rates are 56% and 26%, which are significantly worse than thymoma (2).Previous studies reported male to female ratio of TNT incidence as approximately 3:1, with an average age of 54 years (5,6). Two major factors attribute to symptoms of TNT. First, tumors invade or compress surrounding or adjacent structures. Second, TNT could secrete bioactive amines excessively and cause carcinoid syndrome, including wheezing, skin flushing, diarrhea, and fibrotic valvular heart disease (7,8). In addition to this, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) are the most commonly secreted by TNT to cause the pertinent endocrine symptoms (2,6,8).The most common clinical staging system for TNT is Masaoka stage classification (2). Besides, three grade-groups have been categorized by histological classification, which are typical carcinoid tumor (CT), atypical carcinoid tumor (AT), and neuroendocrine carcinoma (NT) (6,9).With the differences in gender, clinical stage, and histological grade, TNT has revealed significantly different characteristics, prognoses, and metastatic rate. According to various patients and tumors characteristics, the treatments of TNT have been enormously controversial (1-5), which includes procedures with or without adjuvant radiotherapy/ chemotherapy/targeted-therapy at each clinical stage, type of regimen...

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“…Thymic NEC tends to be locally invasive towards adjacent structures, such as mediastinal fat, lung, pericardium, and great vessels (2). Metastatic spread can occur by either hematogenous or lymphatic routes, and mediastinal lymph node metastasis is found in about 30 percent of patients at presentation (3). Although thymic NEC is typically identified as a large, usually invasive, anterior mediastinal mass with hemorrhage and necrosis (4,5), it is extremely rare for it to present rupture.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%