Primary Prevention: No Associations of Strength and Cardiorespiratory Fitness Status With Arterial Stiffness in Young School Children

Abstract

Pulse wave velocity (PWV) and central systolic blood pressure (CSBP) are well-established biomarkers of arterial stiffness. Further, fitness is known to be an important protective factor in adults in respect of vascular stiffening. However, the association of both muscular and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) with arterial properties in younger individuals has been inconsistent. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between anthropometric data, CRF, strength status, and arterial stiffness parameters in German primary school children. A total of 76 children, age 6-11 years (63.2% males) were examined. Peripheral systolic blood pressure (PSBP) [mmHg] and peripheral diastolic blood pressure (PDBP) [mmHg] and PWV [m/s] were measured non-invasively after 10 min of rest with the oscillometric cuff-based Mobil-O-Graph (IEM, Healthcare, Stolberg, Germany). CSBP [mmHg] was calculated using the ARCSolver Algorithm (Austrian Institute of Technology, Vienna, Austria) based on the recorded brachial pulse waves. CRF was measured using the validated Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance run (PACER), also called shuttle-run test, for estimating maximal aerobic capacity (VO 2max). Hand-grip strength as an indicator of overall muscle strength was determined with the Jamar Analog Hand Dynamometer. The results were recorded in kilograms [kg]. For more detailed analyses, the study group was divided into subcohorts, namely a risk group including children with abnormal blood pressure or high body weight, and a healthy subgroup. Healthy children showed a positive association between PWV and body mass index (BMI) (p = 0.016) and CSBP and BMI (p = 0.033), respectively. Hand-grip strength was positively associated with CSBP (left: p = 0.013, right: p = 0.015) and PWV (left: p = 0.008, right: p = 0.002), as well as the number of shuttle run rounds were positively correlated to PWV (p = 0.038) in the whole cohort. No significant association of converted VO2max with arterial PWV was found. The multivariate regression analysis explained 38.8% (R 2 = 0.388) of the variance and the model was a significant predictor of PWV [F (6,29) = 3.060, p = 0.019], however, none of the integrated covariates (BMI, number of shuttle run rounds, VO 2max , dominant hand-grip strength) contributed significantly to the model. The lack of associations between fitness, strength and arterial stiffness might be explained by the few harmful lifestyle factors influencing vascular changes in the first decade of life.

Relative Grip Strength and Arterial Stiffness Relative Grip Strength and Incident Arterial Stiffness in Chinese Middle-Aged and Older Population: A Longitudinal Study

“…Relative grip strength is determined by comparing absolute grip strength to BMI, primarily to account for the influence of body size on grip strength. However, the correlation between absolute grip strength and arterial stiffness is inconsistent [6][7][8][9]. A study conducted in an elderly population living in a Japanese community found that there was an independent correlation between grip strength and arterial stiffness.…”

“…The effects of socio-demographic characteristics and healthrelated factors were considered as covariates in the analysis, with reference to related published studies [6][7][8][9]. The sociodemographic factors considered were age, sex, educational level, and marital status.…”

“…Muscle strength, which is considered by the latest guidelines as a core indicator of sarcopenia [2,5], also deserves attention because of its association with arterial stiffness and because it is more readily available and applicable for risk screening, disease prediction, and management. Muscle strength is often assessed in clinical settings using grip strength, although Recent research has been inconclusive [6][7][8][9]. Irrespective of gender, there is a positive correlation between grip strength and body mass index (BMI) in middle-aged and older populations [10].…”

Relative Grip Strength and Incident Arterial Stiffness in Chinese Middle-aged and Older Population: A Longitudinal Study

“…The effects of socio-demographic characteristics and health-related factors were considered as covariates in the analysis, with reference to related published studies [6][7][8][9]. The sociodemographic factors considered were age, sex, educational level, and marital status.…”

“…Muscle strength, which is considered by the latest guidelines as a core indicator of sarcopenia [2,5], also deserves attention because of its association with arterial stiffness and because it is more readily available and applicable for risk screening, disease prediction, and management. Muscle strength is often assessed in clinical settings using grip strength, although Recent research has been inconclusive when it comes to the link between grip strength and arterial stiffness [6][7][8][9]. Irrespective of gender, there is a positive correlation between grip strength and Body Mass Index (BMI) in middle-aged and older populations [10].…”