Primary Process Thinking and Anxiety in Children

Kleinman, Mark Jacob; Russ, Sandra W.

doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa5202_7

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 17 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Empirical evidence suggests that regressive cognition levels may be related to affective and individual differences. For example, results from a cognitive categorisation test measuring attributional and relational similarities that mapped onto primordial and conceptual thought principles showed a simultaneous increase in primordial process categorisation and levels of anxiety in anxious individuals (Brakel and Shevrin, 2005;Kleinman and Russ, 1988), which confirms the Freudian psychoanalytic assumption that overwhelming anxiety leads to an increase in primordial process activity as a regressive defence mechanism (Freud, 1926). One of the most consistent findings suggests that creative individuals, particularly men, have controlled access to primordial cognition and score higher on adaptive regression and defensive effectiveness than less creative individuals (Kris 1952;Holt 2002).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

Assessing the inter-method reliability and correlational validity of the Body Type Dictionary

Cariola

2013

Literary and Linguistic Computing

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The political negotiation, erection and fall of national and cultural borders represents an issue that frequently occupies the media. Given the historical importance of boundaries as a marker of cultural identity, as well as their function to separate and unite people, the Body Type (BTD) (Wilson 2006) Dictionary represents a suitable computerized content analysis measure to analyse vocabulary qualified to measure body boundaries and their penetrability. Out of this context, this study aimed to assess the inter-method reliability of the Body Type Dictionary (BTD) (Wilson 2006) in relation to Fisher and Cleveland's (1956, 1958) manual scoring system for high and low barrier personalities. The results indicated that Fisher and Cleveland's manually coded barrier and penetration imagery scores showed an acceptable positive correlation with the computerised frequency counts of the BTD's coded barrier and penetration imagery scores, thereby indicating an inter-method reliability. In addition, barrier and penetration imagery correlated positively with primordial thought language in the picture response test, and narratives of everyday and dream memories, thereby indicating correlational validity. Barrier imagery Examples of semantic items Clothing items Dress, robe, costume Animals with distinctive or unusual skins, including shelled creatures Alligator, badger, peacock, snails, shrimp Enclosed openings in the earth Valley, ravine, canal Unusual animal containers Bloated, kangaroo, pregnant Overhanging or protective surfaces Umbrella, dome, shield Armoured objects or objects dependent on their own walls Armour, battleship, ship Things being covered, surrounded or concealed Covered, hidden, behind Buildings Bungalow, cathedral, tower (except buildings that relate to social institutions, e.g. church, hospital, school. Enclosed vehicles Car, ship, truck Things with unusual container-like shapes or properties Bagpipes, chair, throne Unique structures Tent, fort, hut Miscellaneous barrier words Basket, bubble, cage Penetration imagery Reference to the mouth being opened or used for intake or expulsion Eating, tongue, yawning Reference to evading, bypassing or penetrating through the exterior of an object Autopsy, fluoroscope, x-ray References to the body wall being broken, fractured, injured or damaged, including degeneration of surfaces Bleeding, stabbed, wounded, withered

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

Assessing the inter-method reliability and correlational validity of the Body Type Dictionary

Cariola

2013

Literary and Linguistic Computing

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Although the performance-based measures on which we have focused rest on their own assumptions (e.g., the responses are measured reliably and are generalizable to similar responses in natural settings), they do not require the additional layers of assumptions that are required by projective tests. For example, a study of supposedly anxiety-related Rorschach responses in children by Kleinman and Russ (1988) rests on the assumptions that primary process thinking should be related to anxiety and, further, that a specific set of Rorschach responses comprise a valid measure of this type of thinking. The fact that the index of primary process thinking in this study was unrelated to either state or trait anxiety as measured by the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (Spielberger, 1973) illustrates the difficulties with such assumptions.…”

Section: Review Of Performance-based Measures Of Childhood Anxietymentioning

confidence: 99%

Considering the Clinical Utility of Performance-Based Measures of Childhood Anxiety

Vasey

Lonigan²

2000

Journal of Clinical Child Psychology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Examines general issues regarding the clinical utility of performance-based measures and specifically considers the utility of performance measures relevant to childhood anxiety and fear. First, we discuss the limitations of questionnaire and interview measures of childhood anxiety and the ways in which performance-based measures may compensate for or augment the use of such measures. Second, we review the major groups of performance-based measures that are potentially relevant to childhood anxiety and discuss evidence regarding their reliability and validity. Third, in the context of a general discussion of the various ways in which an assessment procedure may have clinical utility, we discuss the extent to which the performance-based techniques reviewed possess utility. Although many of these measures show promise of one or more types of clinical utility, none currently possess sufficient documented utility to warrant their dissemination for clinical use. We conclude by recommending directions for future research to demonstrate and improve the utility of such measures.

show abstract

“…Numerous studies using this measure have linked the capacity for PPI on the Rorschach to a range of cognitive and interpersonal functions (Holt, 1977; Lerner & Lewandowski, 1975). As summarized by Kleinman and Russ (1988), the Holt scoring system measures both formal aspects of primary process thought and content categories of libidinal and aggressive material. The basic measure, PPI, indicates the intensity of the primary process thinking and effectiveness of the integration of this material into adaptive and perceptually accurate responses.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mothers' fantasy representations and infant security of attachment: A Rorschach study of first pregnancy.

Frank¹,

Tuber²,

Slade³

et al. 1994

Psychoanalytic Psychology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The relation between aspects of pregnant women's fantasy representations on the Rorschach test and infant attachment status at 1 year was studied. The Manual for Assessing Primary Process Manifestations in Rorschach Responses (Holt, 1968) was used to score Rorschach protocols gathered from 25 women during their first pregnancies. Twelve-month-olds and their mothers were later videotaped in the Strange Situation, a laboratory procedure that assesses infant attachment behaviors. The findings support the hypothesis that primary process integration during pregnancy is significantly and positively related to infant security of attachment at 1 year. Also, the extent to which mothers referred specifically to pregnancy, birth, and mothering in their Rorschach responses was linked to later infant security of attachment. The results suggest a relation between empathic maternal behaviors and dimensions of mothers' unconscious mental representations measurable prior to the infant's birth.The last two decades have seen a deepening of interest in the relation between the quality of maternal care an infant receives and his or her later social and emotional development. Aspects of maternal care, especially Requests for reprints should be sent to

show abstract

Primary Process Thinking and Anxiety in Children

Cited by 7 publications

References 17 publications

Assessing the inter-method reliability and correlational validity of the Body Type Dictionary

Assessing the inter-method reliability and correlational validity of the Body Type Dictionary

Considering the Clinical Utility of Performance-Based Measures of Childhood Anxiety

Mothers' fantasy representations and infant security of attachment: A Rorschach study of first pregnancy.

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About