Primary Production in Antarctic Sea Ice

Arrigo, Kevin R.; Worthen, Denise L.; Lizotte, Michael P.; Dixon, Paul; Dieckmann, Gerhard

doi:10.1126/science.276.5311.394

Cited by 227 publications

(200 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…A possible mechanism for the production of I 2 in the polar regions is the activity of ice algae and phytoplankton that produce iodine compounds, which are then wicked to the surface through brine channels (Mahajan et al, 2010). It has also been suggested that the primary productivity in Antarctic ice and waters may be higher than in the Arctic (Arrigo et al, 1997;Gosselin et al, 1997;Lizotte, 2001;Mahajan et al, 2010), possibly accounting for the difference in apparent iodine activity between the two poles. However, as the ice in the Arctic continues to thin, and as more multiyear ice has been replaced by seasonal sea ice (Nghiem et al, 2012), the algae and phytoplankton productivity in the Arctic has increased (Arrigo et al, 2008(Arrigo et al, , 2012.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interactions of bromine, chlorine, and iodine photochemistry during ozone depletions in Barrow, Alaska

et al. 2015

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Abstract. The springtime depletion of tropospheric ozone in the Arctic is known to be caused by active halogen photochemistry resulting from halogen atom precursors emitted from snow, ice, or aerosol surfaces. The role of bromine in driving ozone depletion events (ODEs) has been generally accepted, but much less is known about the role of chlorine radicals in ozone depletion chemistry. While the potential impact of iodine in the High Arctic is more uncertain, there have been indications of active iodine chemistry through observed enhancements in filterable iodide, probable detection of tropospheric IO, and recently, observation of snowpack photochemical production of I 2 . Despite decades of research, significant uncertainty remains regarding the chemical mechanisms associated with the bromine-catalyzed depletion of ozone, as well as the complex interactions that occur in the polar boundary layer due to halogen chemistry. To investigate this, we developed a zero-dimensional photochemical model, constrained with measurements from the 2009 OA-SIS field campaign in Barrow, Alaska. We simulated a 7-day period during late March that included a full ozone depletion event lasting 3 days and subsequent ozone recovery to study the interactions of halogen radicals under these different conditions. In addition, the effects of iodine added to our Base Model were investigated. While bromine atoms were primarily responsible for ODEs, chlorine and iodine were found to enhance the depletion rates and iodine was found to be more efficient per atom at depleting ozone than Br. The interaction between chlorine and bromine is complex, as the presence of chlorine can increase the recycling and production of Br atoms, while also increasing reactive bromine sinks under certain conditions. Chlorine chemistry was also found to have significant impacts on both HO 2 and RO 2 , with organic compounds serving as the primary reaction partner for Cl atoms. The results of this work highlight the need for future studies on the production mechanisms of Br 2 and Cl 2 , as well as on the potential impact of iodine in the High Arctic.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interactions of bromine, chlorine, and iodine photochemistry during ozone depletions in Barrow, Alaska

et al. 2015

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“…First, the nutrient fluxes are based on simple formulations and do not account for brine transport. Consequently, the location of ice algal growth has to be prescribed, either at the base [e.g., Lavoie et al, 2005] or at the top of the ice cover [e.g., Arrigo et al, 1997;Saenz and Arrigo, 2012], and therefore the models are not general enough to handle both Arctic and Antarctic situations. Vancoppenolle et al [2010] and Jeffery et al [2011], have developed schemes to couple dissolved tracers to brine dynamics, and applied their model to successful simulations of silicate concentrations and salinity, respectively, but their approach has not yet been coupled to formulations of ecodynamics.…”

Section: Modelling and Up-scaling The Role Of Sea Ice In The Marine Bmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The fraction of sea ice versus pelagic productivity is ~10% on average but is larger in the Arctic Basin, and smaller in the seasonally ice covered seas [Deal et al, 2011]. In the Antarctic, 1795 Tg C y -1 are produced in the open ocean, 114 Tg C y -1 are produced in the marginal ice zones, and from 40 to 70 Tg C y -1 are produced within the sea ice, based on observations of Chl a and modelling studies, respectively [Legendre et al, 1992;Arrigo et al, 1997]. Under-ice production is absent from those estimates, because those regions are beyond the reach of satellites.…”

Section: Light Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While it is possible to estimate large-scale pelagic primary production from ocean color data [Arrigo et al, 2008 ;Pabi et al, 2008], this is not the case for sea ice. Consequently, estimates of large-scale primary production in sea ice derive from the extrapolation of in situ data [Legendre et al, 1992] and from numerical models [Arrigo et al, 1997;Deal et al, 2011], involving a number of assumptions. Therefore, sea ice primary production estimates have to be considered carefully.…”

Section: Light Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Role of sea ice in global biogeochemical cycles: emerging views and challenges

Vancoppenolle

Meiners

Michel

et al. 2013

Quaternary Science Reviews

217

215

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International audienceObservations from the last decade suggest an important role of sea ice in the global biogeochemical cycles, promoted by (i) active biological and chemical processes within the sea ice; (ii) fluid and gas exchanges at the sea ice interface through an often permeable sea ice cover; and (iii) tight physical, biological and chemical interactions between the sea ice, the ocean and the atmosphere. Photosynthetic micro-organisms in sea ice thrive in liquid brine inclusions encased in a pure ice matrix, where they find suitable light and nutrient levels. They extend the production season, provide a winter and early spring food source, and contribute to organic carbon export to depth. Under-ice and ice edge phytoplankton blooms occur when ice retreats, favoured by increasing light, stratification, and by the release of material into the water column. In particular, the release of iron - highly concentrated in sea ice - could have large effects in the iron-limited Southern Ocean. The export of inorganic carbon transport by brine sinking below the mixed layer, calcium carbonate precipitation in sea ice, as well as active ice-atmosphere carbon dioxide (CO₂) fluxes, could play a central role in the marine carbon cycle. Sea ice processes could also significantly contribute to the sulphur cycle through the large production by ice algae of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), the precursor of sulphate aerosols, which as cloud condensation nuclei have a potential cooling effect on the planet. Finally, the sea ice zone supports significant ocean-atmosphere methane (CH₄) fluxes, while saline ice surfaces activate springtime atmospheric bromine chemistry, setting ground for tropospheric ozone depletion events observed near both poles. All these mechanisms are generally known, but neither precisely understood nor quantified at large scales. As polar regions are rapidly changing, understanding the large-scale polar marine biogeochemical processes and their future evolution is of high priority. Earth system models should in this context prove essential, but they currently represent sea ice as biologically and chemically inert. Palaeoclimatic proxies are also relevant, in particular the sea ice proxies, inferring past sea ice conditions from glacial and marine sediment core records and providing analogues for future changes. Being highly constrained by marine biogeochemistry, sea ice proxies would not only contribute to but also benefit from a better understanding of polar marine biogeochemical cycles

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“…The Antarctic is among the most isolated and dynamic regions on Earth, because of the Antarctic circumpolar current, coupled with massive and seasonally variable sea-ice cover (Arrigo et al, 1997;Arrigo and Thomas, 2004;Arrigo, 2014). The Southern Ocean plays a disproportionately large role in the regulation of Earth's climate and biogeochemical cycles (Boyd, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metatranscriptomes reveal functional variation in diatom communities from the Antarctic Peninsula

et al. 2015

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Functional genomics of diatom-dominated communities from the Antarctic Peninsula was studied using comparative metatranscriptomics. Samples obtained from diatom-rich communities in the Bransfield Strait, the western Weddell Sea and sea ice in the Bellingshausen Sea/Wilkins Ice Shelf yielded more than 500K pyrosequencing reads that were combined to produce a global metatranscriptome assembly. Multi-gene phylogenies recovered three distinct communities, and diatom-assigned contigs further indicated little read-sharing between communities, validating an assembly-based annotation and analysis approach. Although functional analysis recovered a core of abundant shared annotations that were expressed across the three diatom communities, over 40% of annotations (but accounting for o10% of sequences) were community-specific. The two pelagic communities differed in their expression of N-metabolism and acquisition genes, which was almost absent in post-bloom conditions in the Weddell Sea community, while enrichment of transporters for ammonia and urea in Bransfield Strait diatoms suggests a physiological stance towards acquisition of reduced N-sources. The depletion of carbohydrate and energy metabolism pathways in sea ice relative to pelagic communities, together with increased light energy dissipation (via LHCSR proteins), photorespiration, and NO 3 − uptake and utilization all pointed to irradiance stress and/or inorganic carbon limitation within sea ice. Ice-binding proteins and cold-shock transcription factors were also enriched in sea ice diatoms. Surprisingly, the abundance of gene transcripts for the translational machinery tracked decreasing environmental temperature across only a 4°C range, possibly reflecting constraints on translational efficiency and protein production in cold environments.

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Primary Production in Antarctic Sea Ice

Cited by 227 publications

References 5 publications

Interactions of bromine, chlorine, and iodine photochemistry during ozone depletions in Barrow, Alaska

Interactions of bromine, chlorine, and iodine photochemistry during ozone depletions in Barrow, Alaska

Role of sea ice in global biogeochemical cycles: emerging views and challenges

Metatranscriptomes reveal functional variation in diatom communities from the Antarctic Peninsula

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