“…According to Kennedy (2014), IBSE is the art of creating challenging learning situations, in which students observe and question a phenomenon, explain observations, design and conduct experiments to collect data to support theories or vice versa, analyze data, draw conclusions based on experimental data, and design and construct models. The IBSE concept engages students directly in student-centered activities in the classroom (Fitzgerald et al, 2021;Herranen & Aksela, 2019;Treagust et al, 2020). Moreover, IBSE classroom activities can implement 21st-century skills by encouraging students to collaborate with peers and teachers to solve learning problems (Fitzgerald et al, 2021;Harlen, 2012;Juntunen & Aksela, 2013;King, 2012;Saavedra et al, 2019;Sotiriou et al, 2017;Van Heuvelen et al, 2020).…”