Primary Versus Secondary Failure After Varicella Vaccination

Bonanni, Paolo; Gershon, Anne A.; Gershon, Michael D.; Kulcsár, Andrea; Papaevangelou, Vassiliki; Rentier, Bernard; Sadzot-Delvaux, Catherine; Usonis, Vytautas; Vesikari, Timo; Weil-Olivier, Catherine; Winter, Peter de; Wutzler, Peter

doi:10.1097/inf.0b013e31828b7def

Cited by 64 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 90 publications

(142 reference statements)

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“…7 Michalik et al report that primary vaccine failure (as defined by FAMA) occurs in almost one-quarter of vaccines.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5 Several risk factors have been proposed to explain the increase of varicella vaccine failure and have been debated in the literature, including history of eczema, asthma, chronic disease. 7 In Italy, immunization strategies for varicella have provided two doses at 12 mo and 5-6 y; other countries have adopted a short schedule, with the second dose administered 4 wk after the first dose in the second year of life. 8 In 2006, the Puglia Region (Italy) introduced UMV against varicella disease.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determinants of varicella breakthrough

Tafuri

Guerra

Cappelli

et al. 2014

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

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“…7 Michalik et al report that primary vaccine failure (as defined by FAMA) occurs in almost one-quarter of vaccines.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determinants of varicella breakthrough

Tafuri

Guerra

Cappelli

et al. 2014

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

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“…[15][16][17] The controversial causes of breakthrough infections were the age at vaccination, vaccine type, primary vaccine failure (not mounting protective immunity), or secondary vaccine failure (waning of protective immunity). 17,18 In response to breakthrough infections, a necessity to administer a second dose of the vaccine has emerged. 16,19,20 Watson reported that a second dose would provide higher antibody levels.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seropositivity of Varicella zoster virus in vaccinated Korean children and MAV vaccine group

Choi

Huh

Kim

et al. 2016

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

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In 2005, a single-dose varicella vaccination was incorporated into the national immunization program in Korea. Although the Oka strain is the most commonly circulating Varicella zoster virus (VZV) genotype in Korea, a domestically manufactured vaccine based on the MAV strain is widely distributed in Korea. High vaccination coverage was achieved, but breakthrough infections were frequently reported. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to analyze the maintenance of immunity after single-dose vaccination and to compare the immunity provided by the MAV and Oka vaccines. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays of samples from 715 vaccinated Korean children were used to assess seropositivity rates against VZV. Additionally, fluorescent-antibody-to-membrane-antigen (FAMA) tests were performed in 35 individuals in the MAV vaccine group, and seropositivity rates against the Oka strain were determined. The progressive decrease of the seropositivity rate was demonstrated from ages 1 to 4 as follows: 65% in age 1, 59% in age 2, 53% in age 3, 49% in age 4. It then increased to 62% in age 5 and 70% in age 6. Both the MAV and Oka vaccine groups showed a progressive decrease of the seropositivity rate from the age of 1 to 4 years, but the MAV vaccine group had higher seropositivity rates. In FAMA test, the MAV group demonstrated 71% seropositivity against the Oka strain. This study indicates that immunity wanes after single-dose varicella vaccination and that the MAV vaccine is not inferior to the Oka vaccine in providing immunity against VZV. The MAV vaccine also induced cross-immunity against circulating Oka strain.

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“…Classic varicella is associated with 250-500 lesions, but one study found that 56% of the patients with BV had < 50 lesions, 33% had 50-300 lesions, and only 11% had > 300 lesions [5,221] . These occurrences of BV led to the indication to administer two doses but, although the second dose has minimised primary vaccination failure, BV may still occur [5,206,222,223] . Vaccination induces a humoral immune response with the production of antibodies that appear after 3-5 wk, a cell-mediated response that appears after four days in 50% of vaccinated subjects [224] .…”

Section: Prevention and Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbiology laboratory and the management of mother-child varicella-zoster virus infection

Paschale

Clerici

2016

WJV

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Varicella-zoster virus, which is responsible for varicella (chickenpox) and herpes zoster (shingles), is ubiquitous and causes an acute infection among children, especially those aged less than six years. As 90% of adults have had varicella in childhood, it is unusual to encounter an infected pregnant woman but, if the disease does appear, it can lead to complications for both the mother and fetus or newborn. The major maternal complications include pneumonia, which can lead to death if not treated. If the virus passes to the fetus, congenital varicella syndrome, neonatal varicella (particularly serious if maternal rash appears in the days immediately before or after childbirth) or herpes zoster in the early years of life may occur depending on the time of infection. A Microbiology laboratory can help in the diagnosis and management of mother-child infection at four main times: (1) when a pregnant woman has been exposed to varicella or herpes zoster, a prompt search for specific antibodies can determine whether she is susceptible to, or protected against infection; (2) when a pregnant woman develops clinical symptoms consistent with varicella, the diagnosis is usually clinical, but a laboratory can be crucial if the symptoms are doubtful or otherwise unclear (atypical patterns in immunocompromised subjects, patients with post-vaccination varicella, or subjects who have received immunoglobulins), or if there is a need for a differential diagnosis between varicella and other types of dermatoses with vesicle formation; (3) when a prenatal diagnosis of uterine infection is required in order to detect cases of congenital varicella syndrome after the onset of varicella in the mother; and (4) when the baby is born and it is necessary to confirm a diagnosis of varicella (and its complications), make a differential diagnosis between varicella and other diseases with similar symptoms, or confirm a causal relationship between maternal varicella and malformations in a newborn. Core tip: Although varicella during pregnancy is infrequent and congenital varicella syndrome (CVS) is rare, every available means should be used to prevent and diagnose them. Microbiology laboratories can be crucial in these situations: Evaluating a mother's immune status with sensitive and specific tests for the detection of antibodies; allowing a rapid diagnosis with molecular biology tests when a clinical manifestation may be due to different etiologies; following pregnant women with varicella for the prenatal diagnosis of CVS with close collaboration between molecular biology investigators and specialists in imaging diagnostics.De Paschale M, Clerici P. Microbiology laboratory and the management of mother-child varicella-zoster virus infection. World

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Primary Versus Secondary Failure After Varicella Vaccination

Cited by 64 publications

References 90 publications

Determinants of varicella breakthrough

Determinants of varicella breakthrough

Seropositivity of Varicella zoster virus in vaccinated Korean children and MAV vaccine group

Microbiology laboratory and the management of mother-child varicella-zoster virus infection

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