Priming by Hexanoic Acid Induce Activation of Mevalonic and Linolenic Pathways and Promotes the Emission of Plant Volatiles

Abstract

Hexanoic acid (Hx) is a short natural monocarboxylic acid present in some fruits and plants. Previous studies reported that soil drench application of this acid induces effective resistance in tomato plants against Botrytis cinerea and Pseudomonas syringae and in citrus against Alternaria alternata and Xanthomonas citri. In this work, we performed an in deep study of the metabolic changes produced in citrus by the application of Hx in response to the challenge pathogen A. alternata, focusing on the response of the plant. Moreover, we used 13 C labeled hexanoic to analyze its behavior inside the plants. Finally, we studied the volatile emission of the treated plants after the challenge inoculation. Drench application of 13 C labeled hexanoic demonstrated that this molecule stays in the roots and is not mobilized to the leaves, suggesting long distance induction of resistance. Moreover, the study of the metabolic profile showed an alteration of more than 200 molecules differentially induced by the application of the compound and the inoculation with the fungus. Bioinformatics analysis of data showed that most of these altered molecules could be related with the mevalonic and linolenic pathways suggesting the implication of these pathways in the induced resistance mediated by Hx. Finally, the application of this compound showed an enhancement of the emission of 17 volatile metabolites. Taken together, this study indicates that after the application of Hx this compound remains in the roots, provoking molecular changes that may trigger the defensive response in the rest of the plant mediated by changes in the mevalonic and linolenic pathways and enhancing the emission of volatile compounds, suggesting for the first time the implication of mevalonic pathway in response to hexanoic application.

Volatile organic compounds emitted by Trichoderma species mediate plant growth

“…Several of the C8 compounds we found such as 3-octanol, 1-octanol, and 3-octanone have been characterized from wounded or infected plants [ 52 – 54 ]. Similarly, 3-carene, 2-methyl-1-butanol, butanoic acid, hexanoic acid, β-bisabolene, β-sesquiphellandrene, and β-acoradiene are released by plants under stress [ 55 – 58 ]. Trichoderma strains that increased plant growth and those that did not significantly alter plants both produced these VOCs.…”

Evaluation of nutritional value ofAsystasia mysorensisandSesamum angustifoliaand their potential contribution to human health

“…In a study done by Itoh et al (), the phytol isolated from watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus ) sprouts inhibited the growth of a human T‐cell leukemia line Jurkat cell and suppressed tumor progression in a xenograft model of human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cell line A549 in nude mice (Itoh et al, ). Hexanoic acid is a short natural monocarboxylic acid present in some fruits and plants reported to be an effective treatment against several pathogens in tomato plants (Llorens, Camanes, Lapena, & Garca‐Agustin, ) . Glycerin decreases intracranial pressure in numerous disease states, including stroke, encephalitis, Reye's syndrome, meningitis, pseudo‐central nervous system tumor, tumor cerebri, and space occupying lesions.…”

“…Plant-derived therapeutic compounds belong to various classes of secondary metabolites that have a wide range of activity which is dependent on the species, climate of the country of origin, the topography and may contain different categories of active components (Tamokou et al, 2017 (Itoh et al, 2018). Hexanoic acid is a short natural monocarboxylic acid present in some fruits and plants reported to be an effective treatment against several pathogens in tomato plants (Llorens, Camanes, Lapena, & Garca-Agustin, 2016). Glycerin decreases intracranial pressure in numerous disease states, including stroke, encephalitis, Reye's syndrome, meningitis, pseudo-central nervous system tumor, tumor cerebri, and space occupying lesions.…”

The Jatropha leaf curl Gujarat virus on infection regulates the sugar and tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolic pathways in Jatropha

“…In Jatropha, the regulation of the hormonal signalling of salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), abscisic acid (ABA), auxin and ethylene was reported during the geminivirus infection [13,24]. As the previous study by Sidhu et al [35] showed limited metabolite analysis, we performed the total metabolite analysis using GC-MS pro ling of Jatropha leaf to reveal the changes in different metabolite pathways during geminivirus infection. In the present study, 98 metabolites were identi ed based on GC-MS analysis of infected and healthy Jatropha plant, and the analysis revealed differential metabolite pro ling.…”