Priming for Life: Early Life Nutrition and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis

Ratsika, Anna; Codagnone, Martin C.; O’Mahony, Siobhain M.; Stanton, Catherine; Cryan, John F.

doi:10.3390/nu13020423

“…Early nutrition impacts bodily systems such as the immune system and the central nervous system during critical temporal windows of perinatal development [ 2 ]. The first 1000 days are considered susceptible timepoints for insults that can have long-lasting effects on the microbiota–gut–brain axis [ 12 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal and Neonatal Oral Microbiome Developmental Patterns and Correlated Factors: A Systematic Review—Does the Apple Fall Close to the Tree?

Nardi

¹

,

Grassi

²

,

Ndokaj

³

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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(1) Background: The purpose of the study was to comprehensively analyze the relationship between the mother’s oral microbiome, modes of delivery and feeding, and the formation of the newborn child’s oral microbiome. (2) Methods: This systematic review included a search through MEDLINE (PubMed) database (from 2010 to July 2020). Research was registered in PROSPERO under the number CRD42021241044. (3) Results: Of the 571 studies, 11 met the inclusion criteria. Included studies were classified according to (i) child’s delivery mode, (ii) maternal exposure to antibiotics and disinfectants, and (iii) feeding type. (4) Conclusions: The interpretation of these papers shows that the type of delivery, maternal exposure to disinfectants and antibiotics during delivery, maternal health classed as overweight, gestational diabetes mellitus, and feeding type are correlated to changes in the maternal and neonatal early oral microbiomes, based on the analysis provided in this systematic review. Because no evidence exists regarding the impact of maternal diet and maternal oral health on the establishment and development of the early oral newborn microbiome, more studies are needed to deepen the knowledge and understanding of the subject and develop preventive and therapeutic strategies of support to pregnant women.

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“…Microbial colonialization develops gradually when environmental contact first occurs upon delivery. This has significant implications for overall health in later life [ 11 , 12 ]. For instance, the expanding gut microbiome exerts its effects on brain- (CNS-) related immune privilege (IP) in that the blood-CNS barriers only reach maturity in the neonatal period [ 13 – 15 ].…”

Section: The Colonic Microbiota Shapes the Host's Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Role for Folate in Microbiome-Linked Control of Autoimmunity

Mölzer

¹

,

Kuffová

²

,

Forrester

³

2021

Journal of Immunology Research

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The microbiome exerts considerable control over immune homeostasis and influences susceptibility to autoimmune and autoinflammatory disease (AD/AID) such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), multiple sclerosis (MS), type 1 diabetes (T1D), psoriasis, and uveitis. In part, this is due to direct effects of the microbiome on gastrointestinal (GI) physiology and nutrient transport, but also to indirect effects on immunoregulatory controls, including induction and stabilization of T regulatory cells ( T reg ). Secreted bacterial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) are under intense investigation as mediators of these effects. In contrast, folate (vitamin B9), an essential micronutrient, has attracted less attention, possibly because it exerts global physiological effects which are difficult to differentiate from specific effects on the immune system. Here, we review the role of folate in AD/AID with some emphasis on sight-threatening autoimmune uveitis. Since folate is required for the generation and maintenance of T reg , we propose that one mechanism for microbiome-based control of AD/AID is via folate-dependent induction of GI tract T reg , particularly colonic T reg , via anergic T cells ( T an ). Hence, folate supplementation has potential prophylactic and/or therapeutic benefit in AID/AD.

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“…Breastfeeding is considered a gold standard in infant nutrition, as it has been adapted to provide for the demanding growth of the newborn in a time-dependent way with a wide range of components including macronutrients (fat, proteins, and carbohydrates), micronutrients, and bioactives [ 1 , 2 ]. Breastfeeding has positive effects on infants from nutritional, physiological, and developmental viewpoints [ 1 ]. Breastfeeding boosts the immune system, enhances neurodevelopment, and can have an effect on the development of noncommunicable diseases and conditions later in life [ 1 , 3 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Breastfeeding has positive effects on infants from nutritional, physiological, and developmental viewpoints [ 1 ]. Breastfeeding boosts the immune system, enhances neurodevelopment, and can have an effect on the development of noncommunicable diseases and conditions later in life [ 1 , 3 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Human Milk Virome Analysis: Changing Pattern Regarding Mode of Delivery, Birth Weight, and Lactational Stage

Dinleyici

¹

,

Arslanoğlu

²

,

Aydemir

³

et al. 2021

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The human milk (HM) microbiota is a significant source of microbes that colonize the infant gut early in life. The aim of this study was to compare transient and mature HM virome compositions, and also possible changes related to the mode of delivery, gestational age, and weight for gestational age. Overall, in the 81 samples analyzed in this study, reads matching bacteriophages accounted for 79.5% (mainly Podoviridae, Myoviridae, and Siphoviridae) of the reads, far more abundant than those classified as eukaryotic viruses (20.5%, mainly Herpesviridae). In the whole study group of transient human milk, the most abundant families were Podoviridae and Myoviridae. In mature human milk, Podoviridae decreased, and Siphoviridae became the most abundant family. Bacteriophages were predominant in transient HM samples (98.4% in the normal spontaneous vaginal delivery group, 92.1% in the premature group, 89.9% in the C-section group, and 68.3% in the large for gestational age group), except in the small for gestational age group (only ~45% bacteriophages in transient HM samples). Bacteriophages were also predominant in mature HM; however, they were lower in mature HM than in transient HM (71.7% in the normal spontaneous vaginal delivery group, 60.8% in the C-section group, 56% in the premature group, and 80.6% in the large for gestational age group). Bacteriophages still represented 45% of mature HM in the small for gestational age group. In the transient HM of the normal spontaneous vaginal delivery group, the most abundant family was Podoviridae; however, in mature HM, Podoviridae became less prominent than Siphoviridae. Myoviridae was predominant in both transient and mature HM in the premature group (all C-section), and Podoviridae was predominant in transient HM, while Siphoviridae and Herpesviridae were predominant in mature HM. In the small for gestational age group, the most abundant taxa in transient HM were the family Herpesviridae and a species of the genus Roseolovirus. Bacteriophages constituted the major component of the HM virome, and we showed changes regarding the lactation period, preterm birth, delivery mode, and birth weight. Early in life, the HM virome may influence the composition of an infant’s gut microbiome, which could have short- and long-term health implications. Further longitudinal mother–newborn pair studies are required to understand the effects of these variations on the composition of the HM and the infant gut virome.

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Priming for Life: Early Life Nutrition and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis

Cited by 108 publications

References 285 publications

Maternal and Neonatal Oral Microbiome Developmental Patterns and Correlated Factors: A Systematic Review—Does the Apple Fall Close to the Tree?

Maternal and Neonatal Oral Microbiome Developmental Patterns and Correlated Factors: A Systematic Review—Does the Apple Fall Close to the Tree?

A Role for Folate in Microbiome-Linked Control of Autoimmunity

Human Milk Virome Analysis: Changing Pattern Regarding Mode of Delivery, Birth Weight, and Lactational Stage

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