Primitive Reflex Factors Influence Walking Gait in Young Children: An Observational Study

Gieysztor, Ewa; Kowal, Mateusz; Paprocka−Borowicz, Małgorzata

doi:10.3390/ijerph19074070

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Retained primitive reflexes have been noted in several neurobehavioral disorders, including ADHD and ASD and are understood to be associated with or absent or delayed developmental milestones in these ( 25 , 27 , 28 , 44 , 143 – 148 ). RPRs have been reportedly associated with the presence of clumsiness ( 25 , 27 , 43 , 149 , 150 ) incoordination ( 149 ), awkward posture ( 151 ), gait ( 152 – 154 ), and other motor disturbances ( 25 , 155 , 156 ). Most neurobehavioral disorders seem to be associated with motor incoordination and cognitive dysfunction ( 25 , 27 , 43 , 44 , 157 , 158 ).…”

Section: Retained Primitive Reflexes Motor Function and Neurobehavior...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Retained Primitive Reflexes and Potential for Intervention in Autistic Spectrum Disorders

et al. 2022

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We provide evidence to support the contention that many aspects of Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) are related to interregional brain functional disconnectivity associated with maturational delays in the development of brain networks. We think a delay in brain maturation in some networks may result in an increase in cortical maturation and development in other networks, leading to a developmental asynchrony and an unevenness of functional skills and symptoms. The paper supports the close relationship between retained primitive reflexes and cognitive and motor function in general and in ASD in particular provided to indicate that the inhibition of RPRs can effect positive change in ASD.

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Section: Retained Primitive Reflexes Motor Function and Neurobehavior...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Retained Primitive Reflexes and Potential for Intervention in Autistic Spectrum Disorders

et al. 2022

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“…Despite individual exceptions [ 13 , 17 ], this reflex has also been found to be related to the severity of cognitive dysfunction [ 14 , 18 – 21 ]. Moreover, the grasp reflex is associated with urinary symptoms in patients with corticobasal degeneration (CBD) [ 22 ] and affects walking gait among preschool children [ 23 ]. Another aspect that piques our curiosity is whether these associations persist in iNPH patients and the degree to which their intensity is correlated with other symptoms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The grasp reflex in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus

Liu,

Kanno,

Iseki

et al. 2024

J Neurol

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Objective To investigate the prevalence and intensity of grasp reflexes and to examine changes in these reflexes after shunt surgery in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH). Methods We enrolled 147 patients with probable iNPH. A standard procedure was used to determine the presence of grasp reflexes, and the intensity of these reflexes was assessed using a four-category classification. Clinical rating scales and their correlation with grasp reflexes were also evaluated. Grasp reflexes were reassessed in 72 patients 1 year after surgery. Results We found that approximately 50.3% of patients with iNPH exhibited a positive grasp reflex. Among these patients, 69% exhibited bilateral positivity, while the remaining patients showed unilateral positivity. Furthermore, the intensity of the grasp reflex was significantly correlated with the severity of gait and with cognitive, urinary, motor, and behavioural symptoms. Surgical interventions led to a reduction (41.7%) or maintenance (30.6%) of the reflex intensity in 72.3% of iNPH patients. The changes in reflex intensity showed significant positive correlations with changes in the number of steps of the Timed Up and Go test and Trail Making Test-A scores but not with changes in total scores on the iNPH Grading Scale. Conclusion This retrospective study identified grasp reflexes as a highly prevalent phenomenon in patients with iNPH. These reflexes can assist in evaluating the severity of various symptoms, including cognitive, gait, urinary, motor and emotional symptoms.

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“…In walking, stride-to-stride variability [71][72][73][74][75][76][77] arises due to the system's constant need [78][79][80][81][82] to adjust inaccurate movements [83]. From a neurophysiological point of view, higher variability is associated with poor coordination level, while lower variability indicates better coordination level [84].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gait Variability at Different Walking Speeds

Padulo,

Rampichini,

Borrelli

et al. 2023

JFMK

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Gait variability (GV) is a crucial measure of inconsistency of muscular activities or body segmental movements during repeated tasks. Hence, GV might serve as a relevant and sensitive measure to quantify adjustments of walking control. However, it has not been clarified whether GV is associated with walking speed, a clarification needed to exploit effective better bilateral coordination level. For this aim, fourteen male students (age 22.4 ± 2.7 years, body mass 74.9 ± 6.8 kg, and body height 1.78 ± 0.05 m) took part in this study. After three days of walking 1 km each day at a self-selected speed (SS) on asphalt with an Apple Watch S. 7 (AppleTM, Cupertino, CA, USA), the participants were randomly evaluated on a treadmill at three different walking speed intensities for 10 min at each one, SS − 20%/SS + 20%/ SS, with 5 min of passive recovery in-between. Heart rate (HR) was monitored and normalized as %HRmax, while the rate of perceived exertion (RPE) (CR-10 scale) was asked after each trial. Kinematic analysis was performed, assessing the Contact Time (CT), Swing Time (ST), Stride Length (SL), Stride Cycle (SC), and Gait Variability as Phase Coordination Index (PCI). RPE and HR increased as the walking speed increased (p = 0.005 and p = 0.035, respectively). CT and SC decreased as the speed increased (p = 0.0001 and p = 0.013, respectively), while ST remained unchanged (p = 0.277). SL increased with higher walking speed (p = 0.0001). Conversely, PCI was 3.81 ± 0.88% (high variability) at 3.96 ± 0.47 km·h−1, 2.64 ± 0.75% (low variability) at SS (4.94 ± 0.58 km·h−1), and 3.36 ± 1.09% (high variability) at 5.94 ± 0.70 km·h−1 (p = 0.001). These results indicate that while the metabolic demand and kinematics variables change linearly with increasing speed, the most effective GV was observed at SS. Therefore, SS could be a new methodological approach to choose the individual walking speed, normalize the speed intensity, and avoid a gait pattern alteration.

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Primitive Reflex Factors Influence Walking Gait in Young Children: An Observational Study

Cited by 9 publications

References 27 publications

Retained Primitive Reflexes and Potential for Intervention in Autistic Spectrum Disorders

Retained Primitive Reflexes and Potential for Intervention in Autistic Spectrum Disorders

The grasp reflex in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus

Gait Variability at Different Walking Speeds

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