Principles of Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology

Canu, Elisa; Leocadi, Michela; Castelnovo, Veronica; Magno, Maria Antonietta; Calderaro, Davide; Filippi, Massimo

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819641-0.00120-1

Cited by 4 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…1). Each of the individual contents of consciousness can be affected by focal dysfunction that selectively disrupts a specific module while leaving other functions relatively intact (Heilman and Valenstein 2003;Mesulam 2000). For example, if visual pathways are damaged, a person may have impaired visual consciousness but can continue to have normal experiences in other domains.…”

Section: Content Of Consciousness Level Of Consciousness and The Cons...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain Mechanisms of Conscious Awareness: Detect, Pulse, Switch, and Wave

Blumenfeld

2021

Neuroscientist

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Consciousness is a fascinating field of neuroscience research where questions often outnumber the answers. We advocate an open and optimistic approach where converging mechanisms in neuroscience may eventually provide a satisfactory understanding of consciousness. We first review several characteristics of conscious neural activity, including the involvement of dedicated systems for content and levels of consciousness, the distinction and overlap of mechanisms contributing to conscious states and conscious awareness of transient events, nonlinear transitions and involvement of large-scale networks, and finally the temporal nexus where conscious awareness of discrete events occurs when mechanisms of attention and memory meet. These considerations and recent new experimental findings lead us to propose an inclusive hypothesis involving four phases initiated shortly after an external sensory stimulus: (1) Detect—primary and higher cortical and subcortical circuits detect the stimulus and select it for conscious perception. (2) Pulse—a transient and massive neuromodulatory surge in subcortical-cortical arousal and salience networks amplifies signals enabling conscious perception to proceed. (3) Switch—networks that may interfere with conscious processing are switched off. (4) Wave—sequential processing through hierarchical lower to higher cortical regions produces a fully formed percept, encoded in frontoparietal working memory and medial temporal episodic memory systems for subsequent report of experience. The framework hypothesized here is intended to be nonexclusive and encourages the addition of other mechanisms with further progress. Ultimately, just as many mechanisms in biology together distinguish living from nonliving things, many mechanisms in neuroscience synergistically may separate conscious from nonconscious neural activity.

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Section: Content Of Consciousness Level Of Consciousness and The Cons...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain Mechanisms of Conscious Awareness: Detect, Pulse, Switch, and Wave

Blumenfeld

2021

Neuroscientist

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“…The PFC plays a crucial role in various cognitive functions, such as working memory, attention, decision-making, behavior inhibition, and motivation. [6][7][8][9] Each sub-region of the PFC has a specific role in cognitive function and the known main functions of each sub-region of the PFC are as follows: the DLPFC -working memory, the VLPFC -deliberation of decision making and goal-directed behavior, 9,[18][19][20] the OFC -recognition memory, motivation, emotional control, and inhibitory control of behavior. 7,8,21 Consequently, this patient's short-term memory and higher cognition impairment might be related to injury of the thalamocortical connections to the DLPFC and VLPFC.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many previous studies have reported on the specific functional contribution of the PFC, which is concerned with cognition and behavior. [6][7][8][9] In addition, several studies demonstrated a frontal subcortical network which means universal connectivity of the PFC with other brain regions. [9][10][11]22 In particular, it is well known that the PFC has a significant amount of connectivity with the MD of thalamus.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is implicated in various cognitive functions, including memory, attention, decision making, and motivation. [6][7][8][9] Injury of the PFC can cause frontal syndrome, such as impairment of arousal, high cognitive function, working memory, recognition memory, behavior inhibition, attention, and motivation. [6][7][8][9] These problems can be caused by injury of other parts of the brain having connectivity with the J KPT PFC.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[6][7][8][9] Injury of the PFC can cause frontal syndrome, such as impairment of arousal, high cognitive function, working memory, recognition memory, behavior inhibition, attention, and motivation. [6][7][8][9] These problems can be caused by injury of other parts of the brain having connectivity with the J KPT PFC. 9 In particular, the PFC has copious connectivity with the mediodorsal nuclei (MD) of the thalamus.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Injury of the Thalamocortical Pathway Between the Mediodorsal Nuclei and the Prefrontal Cortex in a Patient with Traumatic Brain Injury

Yeo

2023

J Kor Phys Ther

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Purpose: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) refers to brain damage caused by external forces or trauma. TBIs can vary in severity and result from accidents, falls, sports injuries, assaults, or other forms of physical trauma. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is known have roles in various cognitive functions. We report on a patient with traumatic brain injury who showed prefrontal symptoms after injury of thalamocortical connections between mediodorsal nuclei (MD) of thalamus and PFC. Methods: A 54-year-old, male patient suffered a TBI as a result of a heavy object falling on his head. After onset of TBI, he showed typical symptoms of prefrontal lobe injury, including personality changes, memory impairment, and general cognition problem. The thalamocortical connections between MD and PFC (ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and obrbitofrontal cortex (OFC)) were reconstructed using diffusion tensor tractography. In terms of fractional anisotropy value, the right thalamocortical connections to the OFC were significantly lower than those of control subjects. Results: The value of mean diffusivity in the right thalamocortical connections to the DLPFC was significantly higher than that of control subjects. By contrast, both VLPFC and left OFC showed significant decrement in the tract volume of thalamocortical connections compared with that of control subjects. Conclusion:We reported on a patient who showed cognitive and neuropsychiatric impairment due to global injury of the thalamocoritcal connections between MD and PFC following TBI.

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P300 Wave Alterations and Cognitive Impairment in Cerebellum Lesions

et al. 2023

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Patients with cognitive deficits have a prolonged latency and reduced amplitude of the P300 wave. However, no study has correlated P300 wave alterations with the cognitive performance of patients with cerebellar lesions. We aimed to determine if the cognitive status of these patients was associated with P300 wave alterations. We recruited 30 patients with cerebellar lesions from the wards of the N.R.S. Medical College, Kolkata, in West Bengal (India). The Kolkata Cognitive Screening Battery tasks and the Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB) were used to assess the cognitive status and the International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale (ICARS) for cerebellar signs. We compared the results with the normative data of the Indian population. Patients had P300 wave alterations with a significant increase in latency and a non-significant trend in amplitude. In a multivariate model, P300 wave latency was positively associated with the ICARS kinetic subscale (p = 0.005) and age (p = 0.009), regardless of sex and years of education. In the model that included cognitive variables, P300 wave latency was negatively associated with performance in phonemic fluency (p = 0.035) and construction (p = 0.009). Furthermore, P300 wave amplitude was positively associated with the FAB total score (p < 0.001). In closing, patients with cerebellar lesions had an increase in latency and a decrease in the amplitude of the P300 wave. These P300 wave alterations were also associated with worse cognitive performance and some of the subscales of the ICARS, reinforcing that the cerebellum has motor, cognitive, and affective functions.

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Principles of Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology

Cited by 4 publications

References 54 publications

Brain Mechanisms of Conscious Awareness: Detect, Pulse, Switch, and Wave

Brain Mechanisms of Conscious Awareness: Detect, Pulse, Switch, and Wave

Injury of the Thalamocortical Pathway Between the Mediodorsal Nuclei and the Prefrontal Cortex in a Patient with Traumatic Brain Injury

P300 Wave Alterations and Cognitive Impairment in Cerebellum Lesions

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