Principles of Current Vertebrate Neuromorphology

Nieuwenhuys, Rudolf

doi:10.1159/000460237

Cited by 33 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 34 publications

(49 reference statements)

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“…During brain formation, newly generated neurons in the proliferative region [the ventricular zone (VZ) and subventricular zone (SVZ)] migrate to their final destinations. The mammalian neocortex (NCx) is originated in the most dorsal part of embryonic telencephalon (Puelles, 2013;Nieuwenhuys, 2017). In the mammalian telencephalon, most glutamatergic projection neurons are born in the dorsal proliferative region and migrate into the cortical plate (CP) radially (Nadarajah and Parnavelas, 2002;Noctor et al, 2004;Tabata et al, 2009), whereas GABAergic interneurons are born in the ventral proliferative region and migrate into the CP tangentially, resulting in a highly organized six-layered structure (Anderson et al, 1997;Batista-Brito and Fishell, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Analysis of Brain Stiffness Among Amniotes Using Glyoxal Fixation and Atomic Force Microscopy

Iwashita

Nomura

Suetsugu

et al. 2020

Front. Cell Dev. Biol.

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Brain structures are diverse among species despite the essential molecular machinery of neurogenesis being common. Recent studies have indicated that differences in the mechanical properties of tissue may result in the dynamic deformation of brain structure, such as folding. However, little is known about the correlation between mechanical properties and species-specific brain structures. To address this point, a comparative analysis of mechanical properties using several animals is required. For a systematic measurement of the brain stiffness of remotely maintained animals, we developed a novel strategy of tissue-stiffness measurement using glyoxal as a fixative combined with atomic force microscopy. A comparison of embryonic and juvenile mouse and songbird brain tissue revealed that glyoxal fixation can maintain brain structure as well as paraformaldehyde (PFA) fixation. Notably, brain tissue fixed by glyoxal remained much softer than PFA-fixed brains, and it can maintain the relative stiffness profiles of various brain regions. Based on this method, we found that the homologous brain regions between mice and songbirds exhibited different stiffness patterns. We also measured brain stiffness in other amniotes (chick, turtle, and ferret) following glyoxal fixation. We found stage-dependent and species-specific stiffness in pallia among amniotes. The embryonic chick and matured turtle pallia showed gradually increasing stiffness along the apico-basal tissue axis, the lowest region at the most apical region, while the ferret pallium exhibited a catenary pattern, that is, higher in the ventricular zone, the inner subventricular zone, and the cortical plate and the lowest in the outer subventricular zone. These results indicate that species-specific microenvironments with distinct mechanical properties emerging during development might contribute to the formation of brain structures with unique morphology.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Analysis of Brain Stiffness Among Amniotes Using Glyoxal Fixation and Atomic Force Microscopy

Iwashita

Nomura

Suetsugu

et al. 2020

Front. Cell Dev. Biol.

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“…8D) (Fig. 8D) 32 . Brain areas with diverging character during phylo-or ontogenesis -for instance the neopallium, neocerebellum or dorsal pallium (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…The parenchymal regions with high NT RTD (insula, operculum, mediofrontal and temporomesial structures; vermis and flocculonodular lobe) correspond to a converging morphogenesis (Fig. 8D) 32 . Brain areas with diverging character during phylo- or ontogenesis – for instance the neopallium, neocerebellum or dorsal pallium (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…We also characterized the ventriculo-parenchymal topological relationship in NT. A comprehensive comparison of these with the orientation of the radial phylo-ontogenetic units is not possible, since a sufficient description of the latter for the adult human brain is not given 32 . Insular NT were associated with all segments of the lateral ventricle.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anatomical phenotyping and staging of brain tumors

Akeret

Vasella

Staartjes

et al. 2021

Preprint

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In contrast to most other tumors, the anatomical extent of brain tumors is not objectified and quantified through staging. Staging systems are built on the understanding of the anatomical sequence of tumor progression and its relation to histopathological dedifferentiation and survival. While major advances in the understanding of primary brain tumors at a histological, cellular and molecular level have been achieved in recent decades, our understanding at a macroscopic anatomical level is limited. The aim of this study was to describe the anatomical phenotype of the most frequent brain tumor entities based on topographic probability and growth behavior analysis. The association of anatomical tumor features with survival probability was assessed and a prototypical staging system for WHO grade II-IV glioma was proposed based on the hypothesized anatomical sequence of tumor progression. The analysis is based on data from a consecutive cohort of 1000 patients with first diagnosis of a primary or secondary brain tumor. On preoperative MRI, the relative tumor density (RTD) of different topographic, phylogenetic and ontogenetic parcellation units was derived through normalization of the relative tumor prevalence to the relative volume of the respective structure. While primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) showed a high RTD along white matter tracts, the RTD in metastases was highest along terminal arterial flow areas. Neuroepithelial tumors (NT) demonstrated a high and homogeneous RTD along all sectors of the ventriculo-cortical axis, avoiding adjacent units, consistent with a transpallial behavior within phylo-ontogenetic radial units. Additionally, the topographic probability in NT correlated with morphogenetic processes of convergence and divergence of radial units during phylo- and ontogenesis. The anatomical tumor growth behavior was analyzed by comparing pre- and postoperative MRI, showing that a ventriculofugal growth dominates in NT. With progressive histopathological dedifferentiation of NT, a gradual deviation from this neuroepithelial anatomical behavior was found. By comparing survival probability, we identified prognostically critical steps in the anatomical behavior of NT. Based on a hypothesized sequence of anatomical tumor progression, we developed a three-level prototypical staging system for WHO grade II-IV glioma. This staging system proved to be accurate across histological, molecular, radiomorphological and clinical strata based on Kaplan Meier curves and multivariable survival analysis. Similar to staging systems for other tumors, a staging system such as this one may have the potential to inform stage-adapted treatment decisions.

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“…In the following sections the radial histogenetic unit concept, together with details of the recent radial model of the pallial amygdala will be covered in the appropriate contexts, delving on the approach and its consequences as an example of recent progress in this field of the New Neuromorphology (Nieuwenhuys and Puelles, 2016 ; Nieuwenhuys, 2017 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%