Principles of electricity metering in networks with non-liner load

Abstract

The existing approach to electricity metering, which underlies the formation of payment for consumed electricity, has a significant drawback. It can be correctly used in systems with a sinusoidal symmetrical mode, but needs to be improved in other network modes. The article defines indicators that numerically reflect the effect of distortions on the modes of distribution electric networks, as well as indicators that take into account consumed inactive power (by analogy with reactive power in a sinusoidal mode) when paying electricity bills to an electricity supplier. The proposed principles of electricity consumption metering includes the influence of such indicators as the spectral composition of voltage and current, the ratio of linear and nonlinear loads of consumers, as well as the influence of the topology of the electric network.

Accessible Battery Model with Aging Dependency

“…By nature, electrical energy is not easy to store and nowadays there are several approaches to resolving this problem. Electrical energy can either be stored temporarily in an electrostatic form using supercapacitors [1][2][3], or be transformed into other types of energy, into mechanical form, with kinetic energy in the flywheels [4], or potential energy in water storages [5] or compressed air [6]. Sometimes, energy is naturally stored in the form of radiant energy in matter.…”