Principles of emergency wound management

Edlich, Richard F.; Rodeheaver, George T.; Morgan, Raymond F.; Berman, David E.; Thacker, John G.

doi:10.1016/s0196-0644(88)80354-8

Cited by 116 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…Approximately 80% of the surgical wounds are treated with wound closure products such as sutures, staples and tapes, however in the case of surgically debrided wounds, a wound dressing is used to cover the open wound, which is then filled by granulation and closed by epithelialisation 9 . A significant problem of this type of wound healing is the likelihood of pathological infection.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Polyelectrolyte complex materials from chitosan and gellan gum

Amin

Panhuis

2011

Carbohydrate Polymers

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Polyelectrolyte complex materials from chitosan and gellan gum

Amin

Panhuis

2011

Carbohydrate Polymers

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“…hematoma). 20,21 In Eq. (8), F is the normal impact force applied to the lower arm; x 0 and x 1 denote the displacement between the robot end-effector and the lower arm bone tissue at impact start time t 0 and end time t 1 .…”

Section: Impact Energy Densitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[20] proposed the use of the impact energy density (IED) to determine the occurrence of hematoma due to humanrobot collisions. Soft-tissue injuries occur at an IED greater than 2.52 J/cm 2 , 21 while hematoma or suffusions may occur below this value. 1 We make following concrete contributions to lower arm injury analysis in this paper.…”

Section: Introduction and Contributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A tool for the evaluation of human lower arm injury: approach, experimental validation and application to safe robotics

Povse¹,

Haddadin

Belder

et al. 2015

Robotica

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SUMMARYThis paper treats the systematic injury analysis of lower arm robot-human impacts. For this purpose, a passive mechanical lower arm (PMLA) was developed that mimics the human impact response and is suitable for systematic impact testing and prediction of mild contusions and lacerations. A mathematical model of the passive human lower arm is adopted to the control of the PMLA. Its biofidelity is verified by a number of comparative impact experiments with the PMLA and a human volunteer. The respective dynamic impact responses show very good consistency and support the fact that the developed device may serve as a human substitute in safety analysis for the described conditions. The collision tests were performed with two different robots: the DLR Lightweight Robot III (LWR-III) and the EPSON PS3L industrial robot. The data acquired in the PMLA impact experiments were used to encapsulate the results in a robot independent safety curve, taking into account robot's reflected inertia, velocity and impact geometry. Safety curves define the velocity boundaries on robot motions based on the instantaneous manipulator dynamics and possible human injury due to unforeseen impacts.

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“…The ADAC crash-tests are carried out according to the Euro-NCAP, 5 which is based on the Abbreviated Injury Scale. The EuroNCAP, inspired by the American NCAP, is a manufacturer independent crash-test program uniting the European ministries of transport, automobile clubs and underwriting associations with respect to their testing procedures and evaluations [9].…”

Section: Euroncap and Severity Indicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Typical regions are the scalp and kneecaps since they have an osseous basis. Tissue injury occurs at an energy density of e A > 2.52 J/cm 2 and haematoma and suffusion already below this value [5,6]. Tailored to the needs of robotics one will have to transfer these tolerance values to establish safe dynamics, i.e.…”

Section: Soft-tissue Injurymentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety Analysis for a Human-Friendly Manipulator

Haddadin

Albu-Schäffer

Hirzinger

2010

Int J of Soc Robotics

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The DLR Lightweight Robot III (LWR-III) developed at the German Aerospace Center (DLR) is characterized by low inertial properties, torque sensing in each joint, and a load to weight ratio similar to humans. These properties qualify it for applications requiring high mobility and direct interaction with human users or uncertain environments. An essential requirement for such a robot is that it must under no circumstances pose a threat to the human operator. To actually quantify the potential injury risk emanating from the manipulator, impact test were carried out using standard automobile crash-test facilities at the ADAC (German automobile club). Furthermore, we introduce our analysis for soft-tissue injury based on swine experiments with the LWR-III. This paper gives an overview about the variety of investigations necessary to provide a safety analysis of a human-friendly robot based on biomechanical injury results. We believe this paper can provide a guideline for the robotics community for future qualifications of other robots and thus serve as a key component to bring robots in our everyday life.

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Principles of emergency wound management

Cited by 116 publications

References 64 publications

Polyelectrolyte complex materials from chitosan and gellan gum

Polyelectrolyte complex materials from chitosan and gellan gum

A tool for the evaluation of human lower arm injury: approach, experimental validation and application to safe robotics

Safety Analysis for a Human-Friendly Manipulator

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