Principles of Exercise Testing and Interpretation

Wasserman, Karlman; Hansen, James E.; Sue, Daryl Y.; Whipp, Brian J.; Froelicher, Victor F.

doi:10.1097/00008483-198704000-00014

Cited by 814 publications

(1,259 citation statements)

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“…The individualized exercise test protocol used in our laboratory usually result in a (VO 2max ) test duration of 8-12 min, which meet the classical exercise testing recommendations. 13 All subjects were encouraged to exercise until exhaustion they felt unable to continue. Test termination criteria included volitional exhaustion, pedal rate are not maintained at 50 r.p.m.…”

Section: Exercise Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inspiratory muscle activity during incremental exercise in obese men

Chlif¹,

Keochkerian²,

Feki

et al. 2007

Int J Obes

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Objective: The aim of this study was to assess overall inspiratory muscle activity during incremental exercise in obese men and healthy controls using the non-invasive, inspiratory muscle tension-time index (T T0.1 ). We studied 17 obese subjects (mean age7s.d.; 49713 years) and 14 control subjects (42716) during an incremental, maximal exercise test. Methods: Measurements included anthropometric parameters, spirometry, breathing patterns and inspiratory muscle activity. T T0.1 was calculated using the equation T T0.1 ¼ P 0.1 /P Imax Â T I /T TOT (where P 0.1 is mouth occlusion pressure, P Imax is maximal inspiratory pressure and T I /T TOT is the duty cycle). Results: At same levels of maximal exercise (%W max ) (20, 40, 60, 80, 100% W max ), obese subjects showed higher P 0.1 (Po0.001) and P 0.1 /P Imax (Po0.001) values than controls. T T0.1 was thus higher in obese subjects for each workload increment and at maximal exercise (Po0.001). Conclusions: During exercise, patients with obesity show alterations in inspiratory muscle activity as a result of both reduced inspiratory strength (as measured by maximal inspiratory pressure) and increased ventilatory drive (as reflected by mouth occlusion pressure), which prone obese subject to respiratory muscle weakness. Our results suggest that impaired respiratory muscle activity could contribute to a decrease in exercise capacity. T T0.1 may be useful in our understanding concerning the benefits of endurance training.

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Section: Exercise Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inspiratory muscle activity during incremental exercise in obese men

Chlif¹,

Keochkerian²,

Feki

et al. 2007

Int J Obes

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“…VO 2max was attained when at least two of the following three criteria were achieved: (1) a change in VO 2 of o2.1 ml/ kg/min with increasing exercise intensity at near-maximum higher treadmill stages, (2) a respiratory exchange ratio in excess of 1.05 and/or (3) heart rate 490% of the agepredicted maximum (220-age) (Wasserman et al, 1994). CRF was expressed relative to body weight (ml/kg/min) which is the recommended index of expressing fitness for clinicians and health care professionals (Vanderburgh and Katch, 1996).…”

Section: Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiorespiratory fitness and abdominal adiposity in youth

Lee

Arslanian

2006

Eur J Clin Nutr

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The purpose of this study was to determine whether cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is associated with lower abdominal adiposity in youth. Subjects included healthy 61 African-American and 52 white children and adolescents (age: 8-17 years). Body composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and computed tomography. CRF (VO 2max ) was assessed using a graded maximal treadmill test. CRF was inversely related (Po0.05) to total adiposity, waist circumference, and visceral and abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (AT) independent of race. These findings remained significant (Po0.05) after adjusting for age, gender and pubertal status. Multiple regression analyses revealed that CRF is an independent contributor (Po0.05) of waist circumference, and visceral and abdominal subcutaneous AT after accounting for age, pubertal status, gender and body mass index percentile. Our observation suggest that in youth, CRF is associated with lower visceral and abdominal subcutaneous AT, and reinforces the notion that youth should engage in regular physical activity to improve aerobic fitness and reduce abdominal adiposity.

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“…The theoretical maximal aerobic power (W maxTh ), which is the power corresponding to the theoretical VO 2max , was calculated. 13 This equation takes anthropometric characteristics and sex into account. The initial power output was 20% of W maxTh for 3 min and was increased by 10% every minute until maximal exercise was …”

Section: Materials For Exercise Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Substrate oxidation during exercise: impact of time interval from the last meal in obese women

et al. 2005

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OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether time interval between meal and exercise alters the balance of substrate oxidation during an exercise bout. HYPOTHESIS: Exercise performed 3-h after meal induces a higher rate of lipid oxidation than when performed only 1-h after meal. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Eight overweight and obese postmenopausal women (age: 57.472.4 y; BMI: 31.872.1 kg m À2 ; %FAT: 42.771.2%, mean7s.e.m.) performed two sessions of exercise training at an intensity corresponding to their ' crossover' point of substrate oxidation (COP ox ). One session was held 1 h after a standardized meal and the other, 3 h after an identical meal on another day. Substrate oxidation was evaluated by indirect calorimetry. Hormonal responses were investigated during exercise. RESULTS: Respiratory exchange ratio values were lower in the 3-h condition, showing higher lipid oxidation during exercise (average difference þ 38.972.7 mg min À1 ; Po0.001), while mean energy expenditure did not differ. Basal heart rate was reduced in the 3 h compared with the 1-h condition (7875 vs 8775 bpm; Po0.05). Glycemia, lactatemia and insulinemia were reduced when exercise was performed 3 h after meal (Po0.05). DISCUSSION: When exercise is performed 3 h after meal at an intensity corresponding to the COP ox , metabolic and hormonal responses are similar to those targeted during the submaximal exercise test performed at fast that we previously proposed to individualize exercise training in the obese.

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Principles of Exercise Testing and Interpretation

Cited by 814 publications

References 0 publications

Inspiratory muscle activity during incremental exercise in obese men

Inspiratory muscle activity during incremental exercise in obese men

Cardiorespiratory fitness and abdominal adiposity in youth

Substrate oxidation during exercise: impact of time interval from the last meal in obese women

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