Principles of High‐Temperature Microscopy

Abstract

An extensive summary of literature is presented which deals with (1) the design of microscope objectives suitable for high-temperature work,(2) the design of high-temperature microscope stages and furnaces, and (3) the problems of high-temperature photomicrography. Designs of microscope systems of long working distance and with numerical apertures of 0 or greater are available and have been shown to b e suitable for studying microstructures at temperatures above 750°C. Numerical apertures as low as 0.1 are suitable for the observation of specimens in image-type furnaces and for the observation of macrostructures. Several types of excellent furnaces are available commercially.

In Situ Monitoring of the Growth, Intermediate Phase Transformations and Templating of Single Crystal VO2 Nanowires and Nanoplatelets

“…This observation agrees with prior reports 1,27 and with our previous findings, 21,22,28 where VO 2 nanorods had [100] growth axis and (011) top, (011) side, and (201) growth facets, respectively. 20 It should also be noted that for both intermediate (Figure 3) and final (Figure 4) stages of heat treatment, 32 Upon relatively fast annealing in UHV, corresponding to the light green figurative point path in Figure 2, melting of the vanadia microparticles at around 680 ( 10 °C were observed, followed by the formation of VO 2 nanowires immersed in the liquid phase. Concomitant to the morphological changes, significant spectral evolution of the V 2p leading edge can be observed with temperature increase.…”

“…On the other hand, the development of optics and imaging protocols in traditional optical microscopy now make it possible to routinely image isolated objects as small as 40 nm across (i.e., Ag nanoparticles) and as thin as single graphene sheets, well below the diffraction limit of visible light. 18 Hot stages for optical microscopes have been used to study crystal growth for more than a century, 19,20 but their application in studying nanowire and whisker growth has been largely overlooked. As presented in this paper, using a custom-made planar hot stage coupled with a high-quality optical microscope we were able to monitor the nucleation and growth of vanadium dioxide nano-and mesostructures in situ, in real time, and in a wide temperature range.…”

Photoelectric Recording Interferometer for Gas Analysis

“…2 -6 Though there are various methods to follow up the fringe movement, the attainable accuracy is nearly the same for all, about 1/100 F (F: fringe interval) or about 1 642 1 X 10-8 RI in the present case, and the accuracy is generally limited by imperfection of servo-system. is a portable gas analyzer devised on the principle of optical interferometer.…”

“…2, the photocurrent I by the light flux of the interference fringe on the slit of the photomultiplier is given by (1) where Ide, 11 are shown in the figure and cP is the phase difference of interference beams. 2, the photocurrent I by the light flux of the interference fringe on the slit of the photomultiplier is given by (1) where Ide, 11 are shown in the figure and cP is the phase difference of interference beams.…”

Characteristics of Thermal Parameters and Some Physical Properties of Mineral Eutectic Type: Petalite–Alkali Feldspars

“…A high-temperature microscope EM301 (Hesse-Instruments, Osterode am Harz, Germany) was used to measure the characteristic temperatures. The measurement conditions were as follows: temperature increments of 80 • C/min to 650 • C and 10 • C/min in the temperature range from 650 to 1500 • C. As a result of the permanent observation of the sample during which it changes its dimensions, characteristic temperatures can be determined (Figure 4), [26,27]. The first change is referred to as the sintering onset temperature T g .…”