Principles of Step-Growth Polymerization (Polycondensation and Polyaddition)

Zhang, M.; June, Stephen M.; Long, Timothy Edward

doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53349-4.00131-x

Cited by 18 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 194 publications

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“…In the final stage, an intensively increasing viscosity is characteristic for the formation of products with much higher molecular weights, which result from the combination of earlier formed oligomers of epoxy fusion product characterized by smaller molecular weights. The discussed model of observed changes of the content of active functional groups as well as average molecular weight, along with the significant increase of viscosity in the final stage of the process, are characteristic features of the polyaddition reaction. , The increase in the molecular weight of the obtained polymer is closely related to the degree of conversion of the active functional groups. Although, in general, the concentration of the substrates decreases rapidly in the first stage, a proper polymer is formed only after reaching a high degree of conversion.…”

Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Synthesis of High-Molecular Weight Biobased Epoxy Resins: Determination of the Course of the Process by MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry

Sienkiewicz

Czub

2018

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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The presented research shows the results of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry, which was used as a means of monitoring the synthesis of novel high-molecular weight epoxy resins. The products were obtained by the reaction of epoxidized soybean oil (ESBO) and bisphenol A (BPA), using a modern and pro-ecological modification of the well-known method of the synthesis of epoxy resins, called “the epoxy fusion process”. On the basis of the obtained spectrograms, the manner in which substrates reacted with each other during the conducted synthesis was determined. Initially, after the reaction of the oxirane group of ESBO with the hydroxyl group of BPA, subsequent reactions occurred, involving other molecules of bisphenol and the remaining oxirane rings of epoxidized vegetable oil or the reaction of a free phenolic group with the following macromolecule of modified oil. It was found that the final product of the polyaddition (ESBO_BPA), obtained by the epoxy fusion process conducted in bulk, consists of macromolecules with various structure. First, smaller oligomers such as 1ESBO + 1BPA and ESBO + 2BPA were formed, and as the reaction proceeded, they rapidly reacted with each other forming larger macromolecules: 2ESBO + 2BPA, ESBO + 3BPA, 2ESBO + 3BPA, 3ESBO + 3BPA, and 3ESBO + 4BPA. On the basis of the course of the ESBO_BPA polyaddition process in the registered m/z range, it was found that 1ESBO + 1BPA tends to react with other substrates from the reacting mixture to create a linear product. Bisphenol A is a rigid element, which connects the elastic alkyl chains of epoxidized soybean oil in the obtained macromolecule.

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Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Synthesis of High-Molecular Weight Biobased Epoxy Resins: Determination of the Course of the Process by MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry

Sienkiewicz

Czub

2018

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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“…As shown, the conversion grows sharply at the beginning (due to the greater availability of monomers), considerably slows down after 90 % conversion, and continues until it reaches 99 % conversion at reaction cycle 291. In fact, this is a well-known characteristic of the stepgrowth polymerizations [50][51][52] . Each individual chain length during the simulation was calculated.…”

Section: Materials Horizons Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…To evaluate the resulting polymer, the evolution of molecular weight at different stages of the reaction was calculated and shown in Figure 2c. Results show that the molecular weight grows very slowly at the beginning of the reaction and rapidly increases in the last steps of the polymerization, a typical kinetic for step-growth polymerizations [50][51][52] as quantum calculated cut-off distances for reacting beads, will result in more precise kinetic parameters, enabling PolySMart to better estimate the polymerization kinetics.…”

Section: Materials Horizons Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

PolySMart: a general coarse-grained molecular dynamics polymerization scheme

et al. 2023

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“…There is a plethora of applications for dendrimers and they have played a significant role in the development of materials sciences. Some examples of the use of dendrimers in medical applications include drug delivery, drug encapsulation, drug conjugation, drug nanocarriers, anticancer agents, gene delivery agents, photodynamic therapy, medical theranostics, and biosensors [ 72 ]. Moreover, they have been used in anticancer drug delivery due to their higher stability, water solubility, and decreased immunogenicity.…”

Section: Commonly Used Nanoparticles In Cancer Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanotechnology in Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment

et al. 2023

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Traditional cancer diagnosis has been aided by the application of nanoparticles (NPs), which have made the process easier and faster. NPs possess exceptional properties such as a larger surface area, higher volume proportion, and better targeting capabilities. Additionally, their low toxic effect on healthy cells enhances their bioavailability and t-half by allowing them to functionally penetrate the fenestration of epithelium and tissues. These particles have attracted attention in multidisciplinary areas, making them the most promising materials in many biomedical applications, especially in the treatment and diagnosis of various diseases. Today, many drugs are presented or coated with nanoparticles for the direct targeting of tumors or diseased organs without harming normal tissues/cells. Many types of nanoparticles, such as metallic, magnetic, polymeric, metal oxide, quantum dots, graphene, fullerene, liposomes, carbon nanotubes, and dendrimers, have potential applications in cancer treatment and diagnosis. In many studies, nanoparticles have been reported to show intrinsic anticancer activity due to their antioxidant action and cause an inhibitory effect on the growth of tumors. Moreover, nanoparticles can facilitate the controlled release of drugs and increase drug release efficiency with fewer side effects. Nanomaterials such as microbubbles are used as molecular imaging agents for ultrasound imaging. This review discusses the various types of nanoparticles that are commonly used in cancer diagnosis and treatment.

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Principles of Step-Growth Polymerization (Polycondensation and Polyaddition)

Cited by 18 publications

References 194 publications

Synthesis of High-Molecular Weight Biobased Epoxy Resins: Determination of the Course of the Process by MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry

Synthesis of High-Molecular Weight Biobased Epoxy Resins: Determination of the Course of the Process by MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry

PolySMart: a general coarse-grained molecular dynamics polymerization scheme

Nanotechnology in Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment

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