Prion diseases: Update on mad cow disease, variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease, and the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies

Janka, Jacqueline; Maldarelli, Frank

doi:10.1007/s11908-004-0053-y

Cited by 13 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…2,3 Zoonoses such as Babesia and mad cow disease have spread into human populations with transfusion. 4 Skin and blood-borne bacteria from asymptomatic donors can pose risks to transfusion recipients under the current conditions of blood collection and storage. 5,6 However, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) reports that five or fewer people died of acute transfusion-transmitted infectious diseases each year from 2009 to 2014 in the United States.…”

Section: Results: Transfusion-transmitted Infectious Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Will pathogen reduction of blood components harm more people than it helps in developed countries?

et al. 2016

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Resuscitation of massive hemorrhage may be limited by blood component potency as shown in our literature review and analysis. The safety-versus-potency trade involved with current blood plasma and PLT PR technology is likely to result in a net loss of life. Hemorrhagic risk from reduced blood product potency for patients with trauma and other indications for massive transfusion is an important consideration in risk-based decision making for implementing PR.

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Section: Results: Transfusion-transmitted Infectious Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Will pathogen reduction of blood components harm more people than it helps in developed countries?

et al. 2016

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“…Among these diseases are leukemia ͑caused by viruses from the retrovirus and herpesvirus families͒, 1 cervical cancer ͑papillomavirus͒, 2 liver cancer ͑hepatitis virus͒, 3 gastric ulcer ͑Helicobacter pylori͒, 4 nasopharyngeal cancer ͑Epstein-Barr virus͒, 5 kidney stones ͑nanobacteria͒, 6 severe acquired respiratory syndrome ͑Co-rona virus͒, 7 heart disease ͑Chlamydia pneumonia͒, 8 juvenile diabetes ͑Coxsackie virus͒, 9 Alzheimer's disease ͑Chlamydia pneumoniae͒, 10 pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder ͑streptococcal bacteria͒, 11 psychotic disorders ͑Borna virus͒, 12 and prion diseases such as mad cow disease ͑pro-teins prions͒. 13 One is tempted to think that nanoparticles ͑such as dust or ash particles͒, while similar in size to viruses, would be more benign, as these materials lack the viruses' ability to replicate. Nevertheless, while nonreplicating bodily intruders do not directly take control of cellular processes, some have been shown to sufficiently interfere with cellular function to influence basic process of cells, such as proliferation, metabolism, and death.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A growing number of recent studies show, however, that nano-and micro-organisms may play a role in many chronic diseases where infections pathogens have not been suspected, diseases that were previously attributed only to genetic factors and lifestyle. Among these diseases are: leukemia (caused by viruses from the Retrovirus and Herpes virus families) [1], cervical cancer (Papilloma virus) [2], liver cancer (Hepatitis virus) [3], gastric ulcer (Helicobacter pylori) [4], nasopharyngeal cancer (Epstein-Barr virus) [5], kidney stones (nanobacteria) [6], severe acquired respiratory syndrome SARS (Corona virus) [7], heart disease (Chlamydia pneumonia) [8], juvenile diabetes (Coxsackie virus) [9], Alzheimer's disease (Chlamydia pneumoniae) [10], pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder (Streptococcal bacteria) [11], psychotic disorders (Borna virus) [12], and prion diseases such as mad cow disease (proteins -prions) [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanomaterials and nanoparticles: Sources and toxicity

2007

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This review is presented as a common foundation for scientists interested in nanoparticles, their origin, activity, and biological toxicity. It is written with the goal of rationalizing and informing public health concerns related to this sometimes-strange new science of 'nano', while raising awareness of nanomaterials' toxicity among scientists and manufacturers handling them. We show that humans have always been exposed to tiny particles via dust storms, volcanic ash, and other natural processes, and that our bodily systems are well adapted to protect us from these potentially harmful intruders. The reticuloendothelial system in particular actively neutralizes and eliminates foreign matter in the body, including viruses and non-biological particles. Particles originating from human activities have existed for millennia, e.g. smoke from combustion and lint from garments, but the recent development of industry and combustion-based engine transportation has profoundly increased anthropogenic particulate pollution. Significantly, technological advancement has also changed the character of particulate pollution, increasing the proportion of nanometer-sized particles -"nanoparticles" and expanding the variety of chemical compositions. Recent epidemiological studies have shown a strong correlation between particulate air pollution levels, respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, various cancers, and mortality. Adverse effects of nanoparticles on human health depend on individual factors such as genetics and existing disease, as well as exposure, and nanoparticle chemistry, size, shape, agglomeration state, and electromagnetic properties. Animal and human studies show that inhaled nanoparticles are less efficiently removed than larger particles by the macrophage clearance mechanisms in the lung, causing lung damage, and that nanoparticles can translocate through the circulatory, lymphatic, and nervous systems to many tissues and organs, including the brain. The key to understanding the toxicity of nanoparticles is that their minute size, smaller than cells and cellular organelles, allows them to penetrate these basic biological structures, disrupting their normal function. Examples of toxic effects include tissue inflammation, and altered cellular redox balance toward oxidation, causing abnormal function or cell death. The manipulation of matter at the scale of atoms, "nanotechnology", is creating many new materials with characteristics not always easily predicted from current knowledge. Within the near-limitless diversity of these materials, some happen to be toxic to biological systems, others are relatively benign, while others confer health benefits. Some of these materials have desirable characteristics for industrial applications, as nanostructured materials often exhibit beneficial properties, from UV absorbance in sunscreen to oil-less lubrication of motors. A rational science-based approach is needed to minimize harm caused by these materials, while supporting continued study and appropriate industrial develop...

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“…However, over and over again differences have been observed between the predicted and observed sizes of epidemics, whereas in most cases the observed epidemic is much smaller than predicted [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. Indeed, recent studies raise doubt about the validity of forecasting the outcome of epidemics using the Ro-based estimate [22,23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of distribution of infection rate on epidemic models

Lachiany

Louzoun

2016

Phys. Rev. E

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A goal of many epidemic models is to compute the outcome of the epidemics from the observed infected early dynamics. However, often, the total number of infected individuals at the end of the epidemics is much lower than predicted from the early dynamics. This discrepancy is argued to result from human intervention or nonlinear dynamics not incorporated in standard models. We show that when variability in infection rates is included in standard susciptible-infected-susceptible (SIS) and susceptible-infected-recovered (SIR) models the total number of infected individuals in the late dynamics can be orders lower than predicted from the early dynamics. This discrepancy holds for SIS and SIR models, where the assumption that all individuals have the same sensitivity is eliminated. In contrast with network models, fixed partnerships are not assumed. We derive a moment closure scheme capturing the distribution of sensitivities. We find that the shape of the sensitivity distribution does not affect R_{0} or the number of infected individuals in the early phases of the epidemics. However, a wide distribution of sensitivities reduces the total number of removed individuals in the SIR model and the steady-state infected fraction in the SIS model. The difference between the early and late dynamics implies that in order to extrapolate the expected effect of the epidemics from the initial phase of the epidemics, the rate of change in the average infectivity should be computed. These results are supported by a comparison of the theoretical model to the Ebola epidemics and by numerical simulation.

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Prion diseases: Update on mad cow disease, variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease, and the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies

Cited by 13 publications

References 45 publications

Will pathogen reduction of blood components harm more people than it helps in developed countries?

Will pathogen reduction of blood components harm more people than it helps in developed countries?

Nanomaterials and nanoparticles: Sources and toxicity

Effects of distribution of infection rate on epidemic models

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