“…Leaving “supermax” prisons aside, many prisons around the world entail staff–prisoner face-to-face interactions (Cheliotis, 2014; Crewe, 2009; Liebling, 2004; Mathiesen, 1965; Piacentini, 2004). In such prisons, officers have to rely, to a greater or lesser degree, on relationships and cultivate social order with prisoners (Bandyopadhyay, Jefferson, & Ugelvik, 2013; Crewe, 2009; Liebling, 2004; McDermott & King, 1988; Sparks et al, 1996; Sykes, 1958; Symkovych, 2018a). This proximity and interdependency militates against the sustained, excessive, or indiscriminate use of force.…”