Pristine Hollow Metal–Organic Frameworks: Design, Synthesis and Application

Abstract

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), featuring porous crystalline structures with coordinated metal nodes and organic linkers, have recently found increasing interest in diverse applications. By virtue of their versatile and highly tunable compositions and structures, constructing hollow architectures will further endow MOFs with enhanced properties and designability, exceeding the molecular scale. MOFs could be considered as promising building units to fabricate complex hollow nanocomposites with faster mass transport, multiple active components, more exposed active sites, and better compatibility than bulk MOFs. To construct a promising blueprint for hollow pristine MOFs, this review provides a comprehensive overview for structural design strategies and applications of hollow pristine MOFs. We will highlight the merits, challenges and future potential by structuring and applying MOFs in sensing, separation, storage, catalysis, environmental remediation, photochemical and electrochemical energy conversion. This review might pave a new avenue for future development of novel pristine hollow MOFs.

Metallocavitins as Promising Industrial Catalysts: Recent Advances

“…A porphyrinic zirconium MOF nanotube HNTM-Ir/Pt possessed a high photocatalytic HER rate of 201.9 mmol g −1 h −1 and better recycling stability under visible light irradiation in WS than earlier HNTM-Pt or HNTM-Ir (He et al, 2018). The double-shelled TiO 2 @ZIF-8 hollow spheres used for HER under illumination show an efficient charge separation by electron injection from ZIF-8 to TiO 2 , high photocatalytic quantum efficiencies of 50.89% at 380 nm, and high HER rate up to 261.7 mmol g −1 h −1 , which is 3.5 times higher than that of bare TiO 2 (Qiu et al, 2021). Donor-acceptor imine-linked COFs produce hydrogen with a rate 20.7 mmol g −1 h −1 under visible light irradiation due to protonation of their imine linkages and improved charge separation efficiency (Yang et al, 2021b).…”

Hollow terbium metal–organic-framework spheres: preparation and their performance in Fe3+ detection

“…1–3 Recently, several strategies have been developed to synthesize hollow MOFs, such as template-mediated assembly, interfacial synthesis, stepped dissolution-regrowth, ion-exchange reactions, chemical etching, etc. 4–6 Using carboxylate modified polystyrene spheres as a hard template, hollow zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) microspheres were fabricated by electrostatic interaction. 7 Choe et al prepared single-shell and double shelled MOFs using metal organic polyhedra as a self-template and building block.…”

“…11–13 Although great achievements have been achieved, the synthesis of hollow MOFs with controllable structure is still a complicated and difficult task; it is urgently needed to synthesize hollow MOFs with a simple and easy method. 3,4…”

Macroscopic MOF Architectures: Effective Strategies for Practical Application in Water Treatment

“…Currently, intensive efforts are concentrating on the manufacture of MOFs for use as MOF-based macroscopic materials in specific devices and applications. Strategies for the conversion of MOFs into macroscopic materials [34,35] such as direct mixing, in situ growth, or deposition of MOFs with polymers, cotton, foams or other porous substrates are routinely employed to shape MOFs into beads (0D), [36] nanofibers (1D), [37] membranes (2D), [38,39] and gels/sponges (3D). [40,41] Numerous studies have been carried out on the design and application of 0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D structural MOFbased macroscopic materials.…”