Privacy and Power: Computer Databases and Metaphors for Information Privacy

Market Integration Through Data Protection

“…Thus, for example, data concerning 'all males over 50 living in city X' would not be considered personal data, since it probably could not be tied to a specific person, even if great time and expense were used. Accessed 1 August 2011. data protection rules has been put into question, 28 since through some modern techniques of data processing it is possible to recover the link between the anonymous data and the respective data subject. For instance, Portugal considers information concerning deceased people as personal data, 16 while the UK does not.…”

“…33 28 Information Commissioner's Office, Data Protection Act 1998: Legal Guidance, http://www.ico.gov.uk/upload/documents/library/data protection/detailed specialist guides/ data protection act legal guidance.pdf. Such approach, on the one hand, could be considered as the application of Privacy by Design principles, but, on the other hand, it could lead to many risks, because data considered as anonymous would be processed until being linked to their data subjects.…”

“…( : : : ) The coverage rates of the economically active population range from 30% for smaller agencies to 90% for the large ones." 28 As highlighted by Solove: 8 1 The Protection of Personal Data: Evolution and Standards in Europe instruments for the consolidation of the European internal market, 35 one of the main bases of the former EU first pillar. In Pursuit of Privacy-Law, Ethics, and the Rise of Technology.…”

European Data Protection: In Good Health?

“…On a more pragmatic level, these vast analyses projects might generate a "chilling effect" with regard to many important human activities and behaviors; if citizens fear that specific actions will generate additional governmental scrutiny, they will refrain from these actions-such as travel, communications or consumption-even when they are legal and at times socially beneficial (Cate 2008;Solove 2001;Strandburg 2008). 18 From a somewhat different perspective, knowledge of such actions impedes upon the citizens' autonomy; it does not allow them to develop their "self" to the greatest extent possible.…”

“…However, newer theories reexamining the "search" terminology question such wisdom. For a general discussion of privacy and autonomy, seeSolove (2001). According to his empirical studies, that includes data mining.…”