“…Two notable studies, Ritter (1991) and Loughran and Ritter (1995), show that IPOs significantly underperform their matched-firm benchmarks in the five years after their offering. This typical issue has been examined in various capital markets, such as in Latin America (Aggarwal et al, 1993), the United Kingdom (Espenlaub et al, 2000), Germany (Stehle et al, 2000), South Africa (Page and Reyneke, 1997), Japan (Hwang and Jayaraman, 1995), Singapore (Lee et al, 1996), Korea (Kim et al, 1994), China (Mok and Hui, 1998), and Malaysia (Paudyal et al, 1998).…”