“…In other words, while most SOEs of the 20th century were the classic, Bstate-owned and state-controlled^firms, in the 21st century tremendous diversity exists among the SOE population (Bruton et al, 2015;CuervoCazurra, Inkpen, Musacchio, & Ramaswamy, 2014;Musacchio, Lazzarini, & Aguilera, 2015). Some of the new SOEs have substantial private participation in management and shareholding (Jiang, Peng, Yang, & Mutlu, 2015). Overall, we argue (1) that given the importance of SOEs in the global economy, theories of the firm in the 21st century can be expanded by incorporating SOEs as a mainstream (not special or marginal) organizational form, and (2) that a focus on SOEs can propel theories of the firm to new and exciting theoretical frontiers.…”