Pro-Inflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory Salivary Cytokines in Breast Cancer: Relationship with Clinicopathological Characteristics of the Tumor

Abstract

The aim of the work was to compare the salivary cytokine profile of breast cancer patients with the clinicopathological characteristics of the tumor. The study included 113 patients with breast cancer (main group, mean age 54.1 years) and 111 patients with breast fibroadenomas (control group, mean age 56.7 years). Before treatment, saliva samples were collected from all patients and the content of cytokines (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-18, MCP-1, and TNF-α) was determined. The content of cytokines in saliva correlates well with the clinicopathological characteristics of breast cancer. The level of all salivary cytokines increases at advanced stages of breast cancer and at a low degree of tumor differentiation. The exception is MCP-1, for which there is an extremely high content for well-differentiated breast cancer. A statistically significant increase in the content of MCP-1, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, and IL-10 was found in triple-negative breast cancer. For the first time, the correlation of salivary levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 with HER2 status, MCP-1, IL-1β, IL-2, and IL-4 with the hormonal status of the tumor was shown. The relationship between the level of IL-2, IL-10, and IL-18 in saliva with the level of Ki-67 expression has been established.

Inhibitory effect of zinc oxide nanorod arrays on breast cancer cells profiled through real‐time cytokines screening by a single‐cell microfluidic platform

“…Granulocyte‐Macrophage Colony‐Stimulating Factor (GM‐CSF) and CCL‐5 from BC cells have similar abilities to enhance tumor cell infiltration and metastasis [30,47,56] . Interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ), Tumor Necrosis Factor‐α (TNF‐α), and Granzyme B in BC cells have both antitumor activity and tumorigenic effects [51,57,58] . Many other factors must be considered when weighing their benefits and drawbacks on cell proliferation.…”

“…It has been established that inflammatory factors like Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), Interleukin-2 (IL-2), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), and Interleukin-8 (IL-8) can promote tumor growth and the progression of breast cancer, such as cell proliferation, migration, and invasiveness. [42,46,51,52] Chemokine (C-C motif) Ligand 5 (CCL-5), Cancer Antigen 153 (CA153), and Human Epididymis Protein 4 (HE4) are considered promising potential biomarkers for the diagnosis and metastasis prediction of BC. [33,53,54] Heat Shock Protein 70 (HSP70) is basally expressed in cells under normal circumstances.…”

“…[30,47,56] Interferon-γ (IFN-γ), Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α), and Granzyme B in BC cells have both antitumor activity and tumorigenic effects. [51,57,58] Many other factors must be considered when weighing their benefits and drawbacks on cell proliferation. To further show the effect and impact of ZnO NRs on cell status and metabolic processes, the concentrations of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-2, Granzyme B, CCL-5, CA153, HE4, HSP70 and GM-CSF in the cell culture medium were measured within 0-48 h. Figure S5 demonstrates the specificity of the 12 cytokines on the GOQDs substrate chip, which do not interfere with each other and can be employed in subsequent experiments.…”

Inflammasomes in breast cancer: the ignition spark of progression and resistance?

“…Contrarily, literature demonstrated IL-18 as a pro-oncogenic cytokine (Ref. 75) where its expression in BC led to enhanced invasion, metastasis (Refs 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81), migration (Refs 76, 82), proliferation (Ref. 83), angiogenesis (Ref.…”

Inflammatory cytokines and two subtypes of breast cancer: A two-sample mendelian randomization study

“…In a study conducted by Bel’skaya LV et al, significant increases in the levels of MCP-1, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, and IL-10 were reported in triple-negative breast cancer. Furthermore, a robust association was found between the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 with HER2 status [ 3 ]. Observational studies have indicated that increased levels of inflammatory cytokines, specifically IL-6, are linked to a greater risk of recurrence and metastasis in early breast cancer patients who are HER2-negative [ 4 ].…”