Pro-inflammatory cytokines predominate in the brains of dogs with visceral leishmaniasis: A natural model of neuroinflammation during systemic parasitic infection

Melo, Guilherme D.; Seraguci, Tulio Faria; Schweigert, Augusto; Silva, José Eduardo S.; Grano, Fernanda G.; Peiró, Juliana Regina; Lima, Valéria Marçal Felix de; Machado, Gisele Fabrino

doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.11.002

Cited by 20 publications

(39 citation statements)

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“…Other groups have investigated the cytokine profiles present in other tissues such as the brain, jejunum and colon that were deemed less commonly associated with L. infantum infection in dogs (Figueiredo et al 2013; Melo et al 2013). Figueiredo et al .…”

Section: Organ Specific Immune Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…reported higher levels of IL-10 and TNF- α in the jejunum than the colon of infected animals, whereas IL-4 was higher in the colon than the jejunum of infected animals (Figueiredo et al 2013). In the brains of CanL dogs, Melo et al reported that IL-10, TGF- β and IL-12p40 were downregulated, while IL-1- β , IFN- γ and TNF- α were upregulated, however expression levels did not correlate with parasite load (Melo et al 2013). The authors suggested that the differences seen in the brain were due to the host's immune response, regardless of the phase of the disease (Melo et al 2013).…”

Section: Organ Specific Immune Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Insights on adaptive and innate immunity in canine leishmaniosis

2016

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SUMMARYCanine leishmaniosis (CanL) is caused by the parasite Leishmania infantum and is a systemic disease, which can present with variable clinical signs, and clinicopathological abnormalities. Clinical manifestations can range from subclinical infection to very severe systemic disease. Leishmaniosis is categorized as a neglected tropical disease and the complex immune responses associated with Leishmania species makes therapeutic treatments and vaccine development challenging for both dogs and humans. In this review, we summarize innate and adaptive immune responses associated with L. infantum infection in dogs, and we discuss the problems associated with the disease as well as potential solutions and the future direction of required research to help control the parasite.

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Section: Organ Specific Immune Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Organ Specific Immune Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insights on adaptive and innate immunity in canine leishmaniosis

2016

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“…A decreased liver function would result in increased activities of ALT and AST, characterizing liver injury [33]. In this sense, it is necessary to consider that, VL affects mainly the organs with cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system, such as the spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow and liver [2]. The typical histopathological finding is a granulomatous inflammatory reaction associated with presence of Leishmania amastigotes, within macrophages [1].…”

Section: Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Leishmaniasis is transmitted by over 30 distinct phlebotomine sand flies, and it has four different types of clinical presentation: visceral leishmaniasis (VL), cutaneous leishmaniasis, muco-cutaneous leishmaniasis, and post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) [1,2]. VL, also known as kala-azar, is an anthropozoonosis caused by Leishmania donovani complex: Leishmania infantum (Syn.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel markers of inflammatory response and hepatic dysfunction in canine leishmaniasis

Tonin

Calado

Bottari

et al. 2016

Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

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“…A syndrome characterized by abnormal behaviours and believed to be consequence of such neurodegeneration has been described in aged dogs [15]. Dogs have also been proposed as models for other neurological diseases, including epilepsy as well as neurodegenerative and inflammatory neurological conditions [2,11,14], in which a role of cortisol, DHEA and DHEA-S could be hypothesized. The study of DHEA and cortisol in the pathophysiology of canine CNS is therefore relevant to both veterinary and human medicines.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Dehydroepiandrosterone and cortisol concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid of dogs

Mongillo¹,

Bernardini²,

Prana³

et al. 2017

Korean Journal of Veterinary Research

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Concentrations of cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate were measured by performing radioimmunoassay of the cerebrospinal fluid of 68 dogs diagnosed with idiopathic epilepsy or inflammatory, degenerative, or non-neurological disease. No steroid concentration differences were found among diagnoses. Dehydroepiandrosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate concentrations were higher in males than in females and dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate decreased with increasing age. No sex or age effects were observed on cortisol or hormone ratios. Although limited to a relatively small sample, our results show sex-and age-dependent variations in these neurosteroid concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid. The role of such variations in the pathophysiology of the dog brain warrants further investigation. Keywords: cerebrospinal fluid, dehydroepiandrosterone, dogs, hydrocortisone, sexIn humans, plasma levels of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its circulating storage form DHEA sulphate (DHEA-S) are dependent on sex, higher concentrations being found in adult men than women. In both sexes, however, concentrations decline during ageing, falling to 5-30% of their peak value by the eight decade [8]. A similar age-related decline is also observed in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), but there seems to be no difference between sexes at this level [6]. Since cortisol levels increase with ageing, higher cortisol/ DHEA ratios are found in both plasma and CSF of elderly people [6]. In adult dogs, plasma DHEA is much higher in males than in females and only in the latter there is a clear age-related decline; at the same time, no age-related differences have been found for plasma cortisol concentrations in this species [12]. The dog's body size can affect steroid concentrations, as higher plasma cortisol concentrations have been observed in small than in large dogs [13].Since the first description of its synthesis in the central nervous system (CNS) [1], interest in DHEA has grown in view of its role as a neuroactive steroid. DHEA exerts neurotrophic and neuroprotective functions, antagonizing detrimental effects of glucocorticoids, whose concentrations in both blood and CSF have been correlated with functional and morphological neural deficits [9,16]. The ratio between cortisol and DHEA and DHEA-S concentrations is therefore considered crucial in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative processes and other neurologic diseases. For instance, decreased DEHA-S and DHEA-S to cortisol ratio have been associated with agerelated neurodegeneration and cognitive decline and epilepsy [4,5]. Conversely, the concentrations of both DHEA-S and cortisol increase in patients with inflammatory neurological diseases, compared to non-inflammatory ones [7]. Dogs develop age-related lesions and functional deficits of the CNS analogous to those of humans and are considered a good model of age-related neurodegenerative processes [15]. A syndrome characterized by abnormal behaviours and believed to be consequence of such neur...

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Pro-inflammatory cytokines predominate in the brains of dogs with visceral leishmaniasis: A natural model of neuroinflammation during systemic parasitic infection

Cited by 20 publications

References 85 publications

Insights on adaptive and innate immunity in canine leishmaniosis

Insights on adaptive and innate immunity in canine leishmaniosis

Novel markers of inflammatory response and hepatic dysfunction in canine leishmaniasis

Dehydroepiandrosterone and cortisol concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid of dogs

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