Proactive and reactive modes of cognitive control can operate independently and simultaneously

Mäki-Marttunen, Verónica; Hagen, Thomas; Espeseth, Thomas

doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2019.102891

Cited by 40 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Few studies have compared the effects of monetary and non-monetary rewards on cognitive control, only in non-emotional contexts (e.g. Dambacher et al, 2011;Hübner & Schlösser, 2010;Mäki-Marttunen et al, 2019;Shen & Chun, 2011), and yielding mixed results. Inconsistencies across studies may reflect differences in the specific reward manipulations that were used.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, neither of these studies included the necessary no-reward baseline condition to determine how motivating either manipulation was overall. In a recent study, Mäki-Marttunen et al (2019) showed that performance-contingent pointsthat were not linked to monetary rewardencouraged a shift to proactive control on a response conflict task. Thus, non-monetary reward can elicit proactive control in non-emotional contexts.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Monetary and non-monetary rewards reduce attentional capture by emotional distractors

Walsh

Carmel

Harper

et al. 2020

Cognition and Emotion

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Irrelevant emotional stimuli often capture attention, disrupting ongoing cognitive processes. In two experiments, we examined whether availability of rewards (monetary and non-monetary) can prevent this attentional capture. Participants completed a central letter identification task while attempting to ignore negative, positive, and neutral distractor images that appeared above or below the targets on 25% of trials. Distraction was indexed by slowing on distractor-present trials. Half the participants completed the task with no performance-contingent reward, while the other half earned points for fast and accurate performance. In Experiment 1, points translated into monetary reward, but in Experiment 2, points had no monetary value. In both experiments, reward reduced capture by emotional distractors, showing that even non-monetary reward can aid attentional control. These findings suggest that motivation encourages use of effective cognitive control mechanisms that effectively prevent attentional capture, even when distractors are emotional.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monetary and non-monetary rewards reduce attentional capture by emotional distractors

Walsh

Carmel

Harper

et al. 2020

Cognition and Emotion

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Instead, although targeted experiments will be required to test it, our working hypothesis is that discrepancies across studies, whether they show performance differences as a result of incentive, especially loss incentive, may be heavily influenced by differences in the task constraints and proactive control requirements. Incentives appear to largely affect the engagement of proactive control (Chiew and Braver, 2016;Mäki-Marttunen et al, 2019; general reductions in response time may be an exception). The focused-attention task used in our earlier study made strong demands on self-initiated, proactive processing (rare targets and responses, low-salience targets distinguishable only by their duration).…”

Section: Performance Vs Subjective Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Losing Money and Motivation: Effects of Loss Incentives on Motivation and Metacognition in Younger and Older Adults

2020

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Incentives are usually expected to increase motivation and cognitive control and to thereby improve performance. A small but growing number of studies have begun to investigate whether the effects of incentive on cognitive performance differ for younger vs. older adults. Most have used attention and cognitive control paradigms, trialwise implementation of incentive condition, and gain incentives (reward), with only a very few investigating the effects of loss incentives. The present study takes a complementary approach: We tested younger and older adults in a working memory paradigm with loss incentives implemented session-wide (between subjects). We also included self-report measures to ask how loss incentive affected participants' perceptions of the mental demand of the task, as well as their perceived effort, frustration, motivation, distraction, and metacognitive judgments of how well they had performed. This allowed us to test the disparate predictions of different theoretical views: the intuitive hypothesis that incentive should increase motivation and performance, the motivational shift proposal that older adults are especially motivated to avoid losses (Freund and Ebner, 2005), a heuristic "positivity effect" perspective that older adults ignore losses (Brassen et al., 2012; Williams et al., 2017), and a more nuanced view that suggests that when negative information is unavoidable and increases perceived costs, older adults may instead disengage from the situation (Charles, 2010; Hess, 2014). The results seemed most consistent with the more nuanced view of the positivity effect. While neither group showed incentive-related performance differences, both younger and older adults reported greater perceived demand and frustration under loss incentive, especially in the most challenging conditions. Loss incentive increased the accuracy of immediate metacognitive judgments, but reduced the accuracy of later, more global judgments of competency for older adults. Self-report measures suggested that the loss incentive manipulation was distracting to young adults and demotivating for older adults. The results suggest a need for caution in generalizing from existing studies to everyday life, and that additional studies parameterizing critical aspects of task design and incentive manipulation are needed to fully understand how incentives affect cognition and motivation in younger and older adults.

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“…However, neither of these studies included the necessary no-reward baseline condition to determine how motivating either manipulation was overall. In a recent study, Mäki-Marttunen, Hagen, and Espeseth (2019) showed that performance-contingent pointsthat were not linked to monetary rewardencouraged a shift to proactive control on a response conflict task. Thus, non-monetary reward can elicit proactive control in non-emotional contexts.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monetary and non-monetary reward reduces attentional capture by emotional distractors.

Walsh¹,

Carmel²,

Harper³

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Proactive and reactive modes of cognitive control can operate independently and simultaneously

Cited by 40 publications

References 12 publications

Monetary and non-monetary rewards reduce attentional capture by emotional distractors

Monetary and non-monetary rewards reduce attentional capture by emotional distractors

Losing Money and Motivation: Effects of Loss Incentives on Motivation and Metacognition in Younger and Older Adults

Monetary and non-monetary reward reduces attentional capture by emotional distractors.

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