Proanthocyanidins (condensed tannin) destabilise plant protein foams in a dose dependent manner

Tanner, GJ; Moate, Peter J.; Lh, Davis; Laby, R. H.; Li, YuGuang; Larkin, P. J.; Yg, Li

doi:10.1071/ar9951101

Cited by 57 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Interestingly, the mode of action of Knautia arvensis was different and remains to be elucidated. Some other benefits attributed to CT are prevention of bloat (Tanner et al, 1995;Li et al, 1996;McMahon et al, 2000) and gastrointestinal parasitism (Min and Hart, 2003). Lotus (Lotus pedunculatus) and sulla (Hedysarum coronarium) also decreased methanogenesis in growing lambs by 50% and 30%, respectively (Waghorn et al, 2002).…”

Section: Effects Of Secondary Metabolites On Digestion and Intakementioning

confidence: 99%

Associative effects between forages on feed intake and digestion in ruminants

Niderkorn

Baumont

2009

Animal

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The feeding value of forage mixtures from permanent and temporary multi-species grasslands cannot always be precisely defined. Indeed, the digestibility and feed intake of a combination of forages can differ from the balanced median values calculated from forages considered separately. In order to present an overview of the associative effects between forages on digestion and intake, a literature study was carried out. The associative effects can be studied in a complementary way in vitro to test digestive interactions of a large number of mixtures and to carry out explanatory experiments, and in vivo to investigate intake and digestion at the whole animal scale. We identified three main situations in which interactions between forages can lead to associative effects on intake and digestion: (i) increased intake that can be observed with grass and legume association can be explained by fast digestion of the soluble fraction of legumes, and a higher rate of particle breakdown and passage through the rumen, (ii) increased digestion when a poor forage is supplemented by a high nitrogen content plant can be explained by stimulation of the microbial activity and (iii) modification of digestive processes in the rumen, including proteolysis and methane production when certain bioactive secondary metabolites such as tannins, saponins or polyphenol oxidase are present. According to the type and concentration of these compounds in the diet, the effects can be favourable or unfavourable on intake and digestive parameters. Reported associative effects between forages show a large variability among studies. This reflects the complexity and multiplicity of nutritional situations affecting intake and the rumen function in a given animal. In order to provide more reliable information, further accumulation of data combining in vitro and in vivo studies is required. A better understanding of the associative effects between forages could help to optimise feed use efficiency, resulting in greater productivity, a reduction of the environmental impact of animal emissions and more sustainable animal production.

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Section: Effects Of Secondary Metabolites On Digestion and Intakementioning

confidence: 99%

Associative effects between forages on feed intake and digestion in ruminants

Niderkorn

Baumont

2009

Animal

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“…Standard curves were prepared by serial dilution of catechin monomer, trimer, and condensed tannin (isolated from Onobrychis viciifolia and quantitated by weight) standards (Tanner et al, 1995). The plate was scanned between 600 and 700 nm for a peak at 640 nm within 15 min of the addition of DMACA reagent.…”

Section: Measurement Of Anthocyanin and Pa Contentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When present in bloat-safe forage legumes, PA can bind to and cause the precipitation of dietary proteins, inhibiting the formation of stable proteinaceous foams, thereby preventing bloat (Tanner et al, 1995). Increasing the PA content of pastures such as alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and white clover (Trifolium repens) may decrease the incidence of bloat.…”

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Identification and Biochemical Characterization of Mutants in the Proanthocyanidin Pathway in Arabidopsis

et al. 2002

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Proanthocyanidin (PA), or condensed tannin, is a polymeric flavanol that accumulates in a number of tissues in a wide variety of plants. In Arabidopsis, we found that PA precursors (detected histochemically using OsO 4 ) accumulate in the endothelial cell layer of the seed coat from the two-terminal cell stage of embryo development onwards. To understand how PA is made, we screened mature seed pools of T-DNA-tagged Arabidopsis lines to identify mutants defective in the synthesis of PA and found six tds (tannin-deficient seed) complementation groups defective in PA synthesis. Mutations in these loci disrupt the amount (tds1, tds2, tds3, tds5, and tds6) or location and amount of PA (tds4) in the endothelial cell layer. The PA intermediate epicatechin has been identified in wild type and mutants tds1, tds2, tds3, and tds5 (which do not produce PA) and tds6 (6% of wild-type PA), whereas tds4 (2% of wild-type PA) produces an unidentified dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde-reacting compound, indicating that the mutations may be acting on genes beyond leucoanthocyanidin reductase, the first enzymatic reduction step dedicated to PA synthesis. Two other mutants were identified, an allele of tt7, which has a spotted pattern of PA deposition and produces only 8% of the wild-type level of type PA as propelargonidin, and an allele of tt8 producing no PA. Spotted patterns of PA deposition observed in seed of mutants tds4 and tt7-3 result from altered PA composition and distribution in the cell. Our mutant screen, which was not exhaustive, suggests that the cooperation of many genes is required for successful PA accumulation.Flavonoids are a diverse group of plant secondary metabolites that accumulate in a wide variety of plant tissues and include anthocyanins, flavonols, and the polymeric flavanols known as proanthocyanidins (PAs; Fig. 1). Like their flavanol constituents, PAs are rich in hydrophobic aromatic rings and hydroxyl groups that can interact with biological molecules, particularly proteins, by hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. Because PAs are polymeric, their interaction with proteins is much stronger than that of monomeric flavanols, presumably because of a "chelate" effect where polymeric PAs can interact with large proteins at multiple sites, increasing the strength of overall molecular interaction as well as minimizing dissociation of the complex once it is formed (Fersht, 1985). This strong interaction of PAs with proteins is probably the basis of their main role in plants and their uses by man.Because PA content of dietary plants can have both positive and negative effects on animal nutrition (Waghorn and Jones, 1989), an important agricultural objective is to manipulate the level of PA in pasture legumes (Morris and Robbins, 1997). When present in bloat-safe forage legumes, PA can bind to and cause the precipitation of dietary proteins, inhibiting the formation of stable proteinaceous foams, thereby preventing bloat (Tanner et al., 1995). Increasing the PA content of pastures such as alfalfa (Medicago s...

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Section: A Conceptual Model For the Mechanisms Of Action Of Ctmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…frothy bloat) in forage legumes. The effect is achieved by (1) destabilizing plant protein foams (Tanner et al, 1995); (2) reducing protein solubility (Jones et al, 1973); and (3) impairing the formation of stable protein foam and consequently reducing the incidence of bloat.Besides the direct impact of CT on frothy bloat, ruminal CH 4 , AA sparing, viable GINP and foetal development (Figure 2), these five mechanisms of action of CT were commonly and indirectly related to the 'energy balance' of the animal. We believe this critical feedback between 'energy balance' and 'CT intake' is responsible for creating complex dynamics and non-linear behavioural systems, but it is not clear which feedback loop dominates the system at a given time and at what frequency.…”

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confidence: 99%

Developing a conceptual model of possible benefits of condensed tannins for ruminant production

Tedeschi

Ramírez-Restrepo

Muir

2014

animal

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Enteric methane (CH 4 ) emissions from ruminants have compelled a wide range of research initiatives to identify environmental abatement opportunities. However, although such mitigations can theoretically be attained with feed additives and feeding strategies, the limited empirical evidence on plant extracts used as feed additives does not support extensive or long-term reductions. Nevertheless, their strategic use (i.e. alone or combined in a simultaneous or consecutive use) may provide not only acceptable CH 4 abatement levels, but also relevant effects on animal physiology and productivity. Condensed tannins (CT) represent a range of polyphenolic compounds of flavan-3-ol units present in some forage species that can also be added to prepared diets. Methods to determine CT, or their conjugated metabolites, are not simple. Although there are limitations and uncertainties about the methods to be applied, CT are thought to reduce CH 4 production (1) indirectly by binding to the dietary fibre and/or reducing the rumen digestion and digestibility of the fibre and (2) directly by inhibiting the growth of rumen methanogens. On the basis of their role in livestock nutrition, CT influence the digestion of protein in the rumen because of their affinity for proteins (e.g. oxidative coupling and H bonding at neutral pH) that causes the CT-protein complex to be insoluble in the rumen; and dissociate in the abomasum at pH 2.5 to 3.0 for proteolysis and absorption in the small intestine. CT may also reduce gastro-intestinal parasite burdens and improve reproductive performance, foetal development, immune system response, hormone serum concentrations, wool production and lactation. The objectives of this paper are to discuss some of the beneficial and detrimental effects of CT on ruminant production systems and to develop a conceptual model to illustrate these metabolic relationships in terms of systemic physiology using earlier investigations with the CT-containing legume Lotus corniculatus. Our conceptual model indicated four complex and long-lasting relationships (digestive, toxicological, physiological and morphological) that can alter the normal biology of the animal. These relationships are interdependent, integrative, and sometimes, complementary to each other. This conceptual model can be used to develop mechanistic models to improve the understanding of the interaction between CT and the ruminants as well as to guide research initiatives of the impact of polyphenol-rich foods on human health.Keywords: condensed tannins, methane, modelling, physiology, ruminant ImplicationsThis paper reviews potential benefits of condensed tannins (CT), including mitigation of methane emission (a potent greenhouse gas), reduction of ruminal degradation of amino acids and reduction of gastro-intestinal parasitic infestation among many other benefits to cattle, sheep and goats; and proposes a conceptual model to understand the interrelationships of the mechanisms of action of these benefits within the animal. Our conceptual model lays t...

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Proanthocyanidins (condensed tannin) destabilise plant protein foams in a dose dependent manner

Cited by 57 publications

References 15 publications

Associative effects between forages on feed intake and digestion in ruminants

Associative effects between forages on feed intake and digestion in ruminants

Identification and Biochemical Characterization of Mutants in the Proanthocyanidin Pathway in Arabidopsis

Developing a conceptual model of possible benefits of condensed tannins for ruminant production

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