Proanthocyanidins may be potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of carotid atherosclerosis: A review

Abstract

Atherosclerotic cerebrovascular disease is one of the major causes of death in China, with associated serious risk of disability and burden on society and families. Therefore, the development of active and effective therapeutic drugs for this disease is of great significance. Proanthocyanidins are a class of naturally occurring active substances, rich in hydroxyl groups and from a wide range of sources. Studies have suggested that they have a strong potential for anti-atherosclerosis activity. In this paper, we review published evidence regarding anti-atherosclerotic effects of proanthocyanidins in different atherosclerotic research models.

Bioactive Compounds Formulated in Phytosomes Administered as Complementary Therapy for Metabolic Disorders

“…Phytochemicals such as polyphenols, alkaloids and terpenoids have good antioxidative activity and antiinflammatory effects, due to their ability to bind free radicals with their functional groups. The main signaling pathways by which numerous natural bioactive compounds exert anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory actions involve the modulation of transcription factors, the inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome and NF-κB, activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and protein kinase B (PKB/Akt), and the consequent stimulation of eNOS, of antioxidant enzymes and the inhibition of NADPHox [19][20][21] (Figure 1). In addition, notable lipid-regulatory effects have been described for some phytochemicals; they inhibit the lipid absorption in the small intestine, stimulating the excess cholesterol excretion via the gallbladder or small intestine, and impeding de novo lipid synthesis in the liver.…”

Berry Extracts and Their Bioactive Compounds Mitigate LPS and DNFB-Mediated Dendritic Cell Activation and Induction of Antigen Specific T-Cell Effector Responses

“…In BRBs, PANTs are found at a concentration ranging between 3–74 mg/100 g [ 58 ]; PANTs have the potential to alleviate oxidative stress and inflammation. Additionally, they have been shown to ameliorate allergic contact dermatitis or CHS by inhibiting the activation of T-cells [ 59 ]. Ellagic acid (EA) is a bioactive phytochemical naturally present in berries that is metabolized to produce urolithins, which are compounds known for their potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and neuroprotective properties [ 60 , 61 ].…”