Proanthocyanidins of mountain birch leaves: quantification and properties

Ossipova, Svetlana; Ossipov, Vladimir; Haukioja, Erkki; Loponen, Jyrki; Pihlaja, Kalevi

doi:10.1002/pca.568

Cited by 85 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…In young leaves the main phenolic compounds were galloylglucoses, i.e., hydrolyzable tannins (Riipi et al, 2002); these can be hydrolyzed to lower level galloylglucoses, gallic acid, and glucose (J.-P. Salminen & K. Lempa, unpubl.). Unlike in young leaves, the dominant phenolics in mature leaves are proanthocyanidins (Ossipova et al, 2001;Riipi et al, 2002) which cannot be hydrolyzed enzymatically, and therefore cannot serve as sugar donors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interactive effects of leaf maturation and phenolics on consumption and growth of a geometrid moth

Haukioja¹,

Ossipov

Lempa³

2002

Entomologia Exp Applicata

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Phenolic compounds are commonly regarded as the main chemical defenses of deciduous woody plants against insects. To examine how indices of leaf maturation (water content, toughness, and sugar/protein ratio) modified larval consumption and growth relative to phenolics and phenolic-related leaf traits, we measured consumption and growth of fourth-instar Epirrita autumnata (Bkh.) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) larvae on three different days on young, normal, and mature leaves, respectively, from the same mountain birch (Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii (Orlova) Hämet-Ahti) trees. The larvae achieved the same growth rates on young and normal leaves, but had to consume 40% more on the latter. On more mature leaves, larval growth was poorer and was positively correlated with sugar/protein ratios (although the ratio peaked at that time). Indices of leaf maturation correlated with several phenolics in data pooled over the three study days, but poorly in any individual day. Similarly, in the pooled data, larval consumption and growth correlated with several leaf traits, but correlations between leaf and insect traits were few on any of the three days, and no trait was significant on each of the three days.We next examined whether variation in the maturation indices modified the associations of phenolics with insect consumption and growth. When interactions between phenolics and leaf maturation indices were taken into account, the number of phenolic compounds displaying significant associations with insect traits more than doubled. The relative importance of interactive versus direct associations increased with leaf maturation: on young leaves five phenolics showed direct and eleven interactive associations with insect traits, while in mature leaves we found two phenolics to display direct and thirteen phenolics interactive associations. Leaf water content, either alone or together with toughness and sugar/protein ratio, generally explained more of the variance in Epirrita growth (up to 59%) than any phenolic or phenolic-related trait alone (highest value 20%). Including interactive effects between phenolics and indices of leaf maturation in the model increased the proportion explained of variance in larval growth between 49 and 73%. Maturation indices explained 0 to 23% of variance in consumption, and the phenolic compound with the highest (positive!) correlation alone up to 28%, but taking into account interactions between phenolics and maturation indices raised the degree of explanation much (namely, 32 to 53%) over that explained by indices of leaf maturation alone. This indicates strong interactive effects on consumption between phenolics and indices of leaf maturation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interactive effects of leaf maturation and phenolics on consumption and growth of a geometrid moth

Haukioja¹,

Ossipov

Lempa³

2002

Entomologia Exp Applicata

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“…Total proanthocyanidins were measured using the butanol-HCl assay as outlined in Ossipova et al (2001) using a Hach DR/4000U UVVis spectrophotometer (Ames, IA U.S.A.). Measurements were quantified using a standard curve prepared using quebracho tannin (Tannin Corp., Peabody, MA U.S.A.).…”

Section: Phytochemical Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

No simple sum: seasonal variation in tannin phenotypes and leaf-miners in hybrid oaks

2007

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Parent-hybrid asymmetries in the biosynthesis of defense chemistry are believed to affect the distribution of herbivorous insects within plant hybrid zones. While tannins are often produced as complex, dynamic mixtures, the ecological effects of biological and ontogenetic variation in tannin metabolism within hybrid zones are poorly understood. Here, we examine correlations between the seasonal variation of absolute and relative concentrations of individual ellagitannins and total proanthocyanidins in the Quercus gambelii Q. grisea hybrid complex and a community of leaf-mining Lepidoptera (Gracillariidae, Heliozelidae, Nepticulidae, Tischeriidae), and examine the interactive effects between tannins on leaf-miner abundance. We found strong seasonal variation in oak tannin phenotypes, but two general phenotypes are characteristic of oaks of the Q. gambelii Q. grisea complex, based upon biosynthetic variation in high molecular weight ellagitannins. Leaf-miner community structure was significantly correlated with the dominant tannin phenotypes in the Q. gambelii Q. grisea hybrid zone in mid-summer (July, August). Additionally, leaf-miner density was significantly negatively correlated with the ratio of vescalagin-derivatives and total proanthocyanidins in August and September. Overall, hybridization affects biological and ontogenetic variation in ellagitannin and proanthocyanidin biosynthesis within the Q. gambelii Q. grisea hybrid complex and this variation correlates with herbivore distribution and abundance. Future studies of phenolic chemistry in plant-herbivore interactions in hybrid zones should include a more rigorous quantification of tannin phenotypes as complex, temporally dynamic mixtures.

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“…The leaves were vacuum-dried for at least 48 h and kept at -20°C until analysis. The chemical analysis methods are described in , Ossipova et al (2001) and Riipi et al (2002). On all sampling dates (except June 11th and September 23rd in the first study year), ten extra leaves were collected from each tree for the measurement of toughness and the fresh and dry mass of leaves.…”

Section: Leaf Samplingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ranking of individual mountain birch trees in terms of leaf chemistry: seasonal and annual variation

et al. 2004

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The quality of tree leaves as food for herbivores changes rapidly especially during the spring and early summer. However, whether the quality of an individual tree in relation to other trees in the population changes during the growing season and between years is less clear. We studied the seasonal and annual stability of chemical and physical traits affecting leaf quality for herbivores. Rankings of trees in terms of the contents of two major groups of phenolics in their leaves, hydrolyzable tannins and proanthocyanidins (condensed tannins), were very stable from the early spring to the end of the growing season. There were also strong positive within-season correlations in the levels of some other groups of phenolics in the leaves (kaempferol glycosides, myricetin glycosides and p-coumaroylquinic acid derivatives). The contents of individual sugars and the sum content of protein-bound amino acids showed patterns of seasonal consistency in mature leaves, but not in young developing leaves. The seasonal correlations in leaf water content and toughness were also strongest in mature leaves. The correlations between two years at corresponding times of the growing season were strongly positive for the major groups of phenolics throughout the season, but were more variable for the contents of proteins and some sugars. Leaf toughness and water content showed strong positive correlations in mature leaves. Despite the consistency of tree ranking in terms of leaf phenolics, the relative resistance status of trees may, however, change during a growing season because there was a negative correlation between the content of hydrolyzable tannins (early-season resistance compounds) in leaves early in the season and the content of proanthocyanidins (late-season resistance compounds) late in the season, and vice versa. Thus, assuming that phenolics affect herbivore preference and performance, different plants may suffer damage at different times of the growing season, and the overall variation between trees in the fitness consequences may be low. In addition, the adaptation of herbivorous insects to mountain birch foliage in general, as well as to specific tree individuals, may be constrained by variation in the relative resistance status of the trees.

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Proanthocyanidins of mountain birch leaves: quantification and properties

Cited by 85 publications

References 22 publications

Interactive effects of leaf maturation and phenolics on consumption and growth of a geometrid moth

Interactive effects of leaf maturation and phenolics on consumption and growth of a geometrid moth

No simple sum: seasonal variation in tannin phenotypes and leaf-miners in hybrid oaks

Ranking of individual mountain birch trees in terms of leaf chemistry: seasonal and annual variation

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