“…However, the variability of the material, loading, geometry, temperature, etc., introduces uncertainty in the results. In this context, there are two main procedures to overcome the influence of sources of uncertainties [4]: (i) the use of safety factors, which is the conservative solution usually adopted to accommodate uncertainties, and (ii) performing stochastic analysis, which is often supported by probabilistic fatigue models (e.g., [5,6]), metamodeling techniques (e.g., [7][8][9][10][11][12][13]) and more recently by digital twin approaches (e.g., [14,15]). In the context of stochastic fatigue analysis, a probabilistic fracture mechanics approach to predict the fatigue life of aircraft wing attachment bulkheads was proposed by White [16].…”