Probability-based modeling and wind tunnel test of snow distribution on a stepped flat roof

Analysis of Roof Collapse Cases Caused by Snow Loads in Russia (2001–2021)

“…Only three buildings had a stepped flat roof (RS6). A large number of papers (e.g., [20]) have modeled the process of snow accumulation on miniatures of such buildings in a wind tunnel, indicating that the higher part of the building contributes to more snow deposition on the low adjacent part [21,22]. Indeed, it was the low part that collapsed in all buildings with a stepped roof, confirming the modeling results.…”

“…These statistics include 101 victims (33 injured and 68 fatalities) in the roof collapse of Basmanny market (Moscow 2006). This collapse is not associated with the exclusive impact of snow load, as indicated in [20], but with a combination of factors, the most predominant of which were unplanned building restructuring and lack of major repairs [27]. However, the snowfall on 22-23 February was the catalytic factor leading to collapse.…”

Similarity conditions and cube model tests of snow drift and precipitation preferential deposition patterns

“…To simulate snow precipitation events by wind tunnel tests, a snowfall simulator is an indispensable part of the test facility. Whether particles are brought into the incoming flow by mechanical vibration [28][29][30] or pneumatic transport [31][32], the motion state of particles in the wind tunnel should be in accordance with the one measured in real outside conditions during snow precipitation. In detail, the similarity of snow particle motion is not only determined by a correct boundary layer wind profile simulation, but also dependent on some characteristic quantities of snow particle motions.…”

“…Liu [28][29] and Zhang [30] developed a method to reproduce snow precipitation by using a snowfall simulator that complemented an open-air snow-wind experimental facility. Wang [31,32] used two plastic pipes attached to the top surface of the wind tunnel to lead snow particle substitutions into the incoming flow to model snow precipitation. However, those studies did not specifically target snowfall conditions and neglected the detailed similarity criteria to be used in the simulation of snowfall.…”

Numerical Study on the Anti-Snow Performance of Deflectors on a High-Speed Train Bogie Frame

“…The continuous phase is turbulent airflow around high-speed train, which is simulated by the RANS equations with Realizable k-ε turbulence model. The k-ε turbulence model family is widely used with high accuracy and few computational resources in snow drifting simulations (Tominaga et al 2011a, b;Beyers et al 2004 a, b;Wang et al 2019c;Yu et al 2019.). The continuous phase equation, momentum equation and energy equation can be found in John et al (1995), k equation and ε equation in Shih et al (1995).…”