Probability Density Forecasting of Wind Power Based on Transformer Network with Expectile Regression and Kernel Density Estimation

Abstract

A comprehensive and accurate wind power forecast assists in reducing the operational risk of wind power generation, improves the safety and stability of the power system, and maintains the balance of wind power generation. Herein, a hybrid wind power probabilistic density forecasting approach based on a transformer network combined with expectile regression and kernel density estimation (Transformer-ER-KDE) is methodically established. The wind power prediction results of various levels are exploited as the input of kernel density estimation, and the optimal bandwidth is achieved by employing leave-one-out cross-validation to arrive at the complete probability density prediction curve. In order to more methodically assess the predicted wind power results, two sets of evaluation criteria are constructed, including evaluation metrics for point estimation and interval prediction. The wind power generation dataset from the official website of the Belgian grid company Elia is employed to validate the proposed approach. The experimental results reveal that the proposed Transformer-ER-KDE method outperforms mainstream recurrent neural network models in terms of point estimation error. Further, the suggested approach is capable of more accurately capturing the uncertainty in the forecasting of wind power through the construction of accurate prediction intervals and probability density curves.

Electromagnetic Vibration Characteristics of Inter-Turn Short Circuits in High Frequency Transformer

“…As electrical equipment, transformers provide a better power supply mode for rapid economic development. Many problems still need to be solved for transformers, however, such as inter-turn short circuits [1][2][3]. An inter-turn short circuit is caused by direct contact between two or more adjacent coils due to the damage of the insulation layer [4][5][6].…”