Probability of hospitalisation and death among COVID-19 patients with comorbidity during outbreaks occurring in Mexico City

Abstract

Background We compared the probability of hospitalization and death caused by COVID-19 in patients with comorbidities during three periods defined for this study: first-wave (FW), interwave period (IP), and second-wave (SW) observed in Mexico City. Methods In this registry-based study, we included individuals over 20 years of age. During the FW (symptomatic), the IP, and the SW (symptomatic and asymptomatic), participants were diagnosed using nasopharyngeal swabs. Symptomatic individuals with risk factors for serious disease or death were referred to the hospital. SARS-CoV-2 infection was defined by RT-qPCR in all hospitalized patients. All data were added to the SISVER database. Bayesian analysis and False Discovery Rate were used for further evaluation. Results The study included 2 260 156 persons (mean age of 43.1 years). Of these, 8.6% suffered from DM, 11.6% arterial hypertension, and 9.7% obesity. Of the total, 666 694 persons tested positive (29.5%). Of the infected persons, a total of 85 587 (12.8%) were hospitalized: 24 023 in the FW; 16 935 in the IP, and 44 629 in the SW. Of the hospitalized patients, there were 42 979 deaths (50.2%), in the FW, 11 964 (49.8%), in the IP, 6794 (40.1%), and in the SW 24 221 (54.3%). The probability of death among individuals hospitalized with or without comorbidities increased consistently in all age groups. A significant increase in the Fatality Rate was observed in individuals with comorbidities (1.36E-19< = FDR< = 3.36E-2). A similar trend was also observed in individuals without comorbidities (1.03E-44< = FDR< = 5.58E-4). Conclusions The data from this study show a considerable increase in the number of detected cases of infection between the FW and SW. In addition, 12.8% of those infected were hospitalized for severe COVID-19. A high mortality rate was observed among hospitalized patients (>50%). An age-dependent probability of death was observed with a positive trend in hospitalized patients with and without comorbidities.

Exploring Disparities and Novel Insights into Metabo-Nutritional Comorbidities among COVID-19 Patients in Mexico

“…Since a fraction of the infected population will have negative outcomes such as hospitalization and death, a similar mathematical argument can be established. In this case, however, it has been proven that certain metabo-nutritional comorbidities do increase the risk of hospitalization and death in COVID-19 patients [23]; therefore, over-representation would be expected.…”

“…With this in mind, we explored the representation of comorbidities in each municipality for COVID-19. We present this analysis broken down by waves (defined in terms of changes in hospitalization demand as defined in [23] ), as there are well documented differences in social conditions (ie. lockdowns), resources (such as 8 In what follows we present and discuss these divergences using scatterplot visualizations, in which a diagonal dotted line provides a visual guide for overrepresentation (dots over the line) and under-representation (dots under the line).…”

“…People with hypertension have been found to have a higher risk of severe COVID-19 and a higher rate of hospitalization and death compared to individuals with normal blood pressure in Mexico. In a study of COVID-19 patients in Mexico City, hypertension was found to be associated with a higher risk of severe COVID-19 and death [23].…”

COVID-19 reinfections in Mexico City: implications for public health

“…To quantitatively assess this, we use the focus on the rate of change of hospitalized cases, since this indicator is less biased by sampling issues. Therefore, we used a methodology first proposed in ( 15 ). Briefly, the authors looked at the (7-day rolling average) daily hospitalization counts, and considered a wave as beginning on the epidemiological week when the second derivative of this time series became positive, and ending on the epidemiological week when the second derivative of the time series became negative.…”

Relationship between the Social Development Index and Self-Reported Periodontal Conditions

“…The questionnaire was administered between May and July 2021, well after the second wave (i.e., the largest infection peak) in Mexico [67]. The invitation to participate was sent via email, with up to three reminders sent to those who had not responded.…”