Probability of relapse after recovery from an episode of depression.

Lewinsohn, Peter M.; Zeiss, Antonette M.; Duncan, Edward M.

doi:10.1037/0021-843x.98.2.107

Cited by 130 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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Section: Gendersupporting

confidence: 59%

“…However, their participants varied in the number of In addition, the men and women in their sample did not differ in the number of recurrent episodes they had during the follow-up period. The non-significant role of gender in the recurrence of depression has also been replicated in other studies (Coryell, Endicott, & Keller, 1991;Kovacs, 2001;Kovacs et al, 1984;Lewinsohn, Zeiss, & Duncan, 1989).The failure of gender to be associated with the depression recurrence has also been replicated in larger, epidemiological samples. Wainwright and Surtees (2002), for example, studied 3491 adults (aged 48-79) in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study and found that men and women with a history of depression did not significantly differ in risk of recurrent depression (60.4% of women and 60.1% of men had had more than one episode).…”

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confidence: 58%

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Risk for recurrence in depression

Burcusa

Iacono

2007

Clinical Psychology Review

862

683

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Depression is a highly recurrent disorder with significant personal and public health consequences. Prevention of recurrence would be extremely desirable, and thus researchers have begun to identify risk factors that are specific to recurrence, which may be different from risk factors for first-onset of depression. Methodological issues in this area of research are briefly reviewed (e.g., the various definitions of "recurrence" and "depression"), followed by a review of studies on specific risk factors, including demographic variables (gender, socio-economic status, marital status), clinical variables (age at first onset, number of prior episodes, severity of first/index episode, comorbid psychopathology), family history of psychopathology, and psychosocial and psychological variables (level of psychosocial functioning, cognitions, personality, social support, and stressful life events). In addition, scar theories are evaluated for their potential to explain how these variables and recurrent depression are linked. Our review suggests that recurrent depression reflects an underlying vulnerability that is largely genetic in nature and that may predispose those high in the vulnerability not only to recurrent depressive episodes, but also to the significant psychosocial risk factors that often accompany recurrent depression.Major depressive disorder is one of the most common forms of psychopathology, one that will affect approximately one in six men and one in four women in their lifetimes . It is also usually highly recurrent, with at least 50% of those who recover from a first episode of depression having one or more additional episodes in their lifetime, and approximately 80% of those with a history of two episodes having another recurrence (American Psychiatric Association, 2000;Kupfer, Frank, & Wamhoff, 1996;Post, 1992). Once a first episode has occurred, recurrent episodes will usually begin within five years of the initial episode (Belsher & Costello, 1988;Lewinsohn, Clarke, Seeley, & Rohde, 1994), and, on average, individuals with a history of depression will have five (Kessler & Walters, 1998) to nine (Kessler, Zhao, Blazer, & Swartz, 1997) separate depressive episodes in their lifetime.Due to the fact that depression can be so recurrent, it can have significant personal and public health consequences. For example, one meta-analysis found that the suicide rate among those with depression is approximately twenty times higher than the rate for the general population (Harris & Barraclough, 1997). In addition, a study of over 3000 adolescents and young adults found that 90% of those with recurrent depression reported "very much" impairment, limiting work productivity and social interactions, and 40% sought professional help as a result (Wittchen, Nelson, & Lachner, 1998). Depression can also have a significant economic impact due to decreased productivity in affected individuals (Klerman & Weissman, 1992); in 1996 the annual direct (e.g., visits to doctors, pharmaceutical costs) and indirect (e.g., time...

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Section: Gendersupporting

confidence: 59%

mentioning

confidence: 58%

Risk for recurrence in depression

Burcusa

Iacono

2007

Clinical Psychology Review

862

683

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“…He pointed out that the empirical hazard~ction gives no basis for ruling out the original exponential assumption, since mixtures of exponentials can give exactly the kind of hazard functions that Proschan observed. Thus, the shape of the hazard function is am~iguo~s with.regard to the original distribution when a mixture I~possible, Hazard-function analyses are becoming more common in areas of psychology apart from RT research.~or example, Lewinsohn, Zeiss, and Duncan (1989) tallied the frequency ofepisodes ofunipolar dep~ssion.for~ev eral clinical groups. All groups showed an mcreasmg likelihood ofexperiencing an episode over time, as reflected in an increasing hazard function; however, they observed that men with only one prior depressive episode eventually declined in vulnerability to a second episode.…”

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confidence: 99%

Statistical mimicking of reaction time data: Single-process models, parameter variability, and mixtures

Zandt

Ratcliff

1995

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review

117

126

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Statistical mimicking issues involving reaction time measures are introduced and discussed in this article. Often, discussions of mimicking have concerned the question of the serial versus parallel processing of inputs to the cognitive system. Wewill demonstrate that there are several alternative structures that mimic various existing models in the literature. In particular, single-process models have been neglected in this area. When parameter variability is incorporated into single-process models, resulting in discrete or continuous mixtures of reaction time distributions, the observed reaction time distribution alone is no longer as useful in allowing inferences to be made about the architecture of the process that produced it. Many of the issues are raised explicitly in examination of four different case studies of mimicking. Rather than casting a shadow over the use of quantitative methods in testing models of cognitive processes, these examples emphasize the importance of examiningreaction time data armed with the tools of quantitative analysis, the importance of collecting data from the context of specific process models, and the importance of expanding the database to include other dependent measures.Since the publication ofDonders's (1868/1969) essay, "On the speed of mental processes," psychologists have measured the time required by experimental subjects to perform various tasks. These reaction times (RTs) and the changes in RT under different experimental manipulations have been used as evidence for or against models of mental architecture-the arrangement of the mental processes underlying the subject's performance (Sternberg, 1969;Townsend & Ashby, 1983; Woodworth, 1938, chapter 14). RT data have played an important role in distinguishing between models and in testing hypotheses about processes and structures. Consequently, considerable effort has been devoted to the refinement of RT measures, from techniques to optimize the accuracy of subsequent statistical analyses of RT summary statistics (Ratcliff, 1993; Townsend, 1990b;Ulrich & Miller, 1994) to the estimation of RT distributions and RT hazard functions (Burbeck & Luce, 1982;Luce, 1986; Ratcliff & Murdock, 1976). The concentration on the RT This project was supported by NIMH Grants HD MH44640 and MH00871 to R.R. and was completed while the first author was a postdoctoral fellow at Northwestern University. The manuscript was greatly improved by helpful comments from Barbara Dosher, Ehtibar Dzhafarov, Thomas Fikes, Rich Schweickert, Saul Sternberg, and Jim Townsend. Correspondence may be addressed to T. Van Zandt, Department of Psychology, Ames Hall, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218-2686 (e-mail: trish@maigret. psy.jhu.edu). distributions can be seen as an advance from the use of less informative summary statistics such as the mean or median. In the distributional approach, the density or distribution functions predicted by various models are fit to the usually unimodal, positively skewed RT densities or dis...

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“…En plus des taux plus élevés observés, chez les femmes, les études révèlent que le désordre apparaît plus jeune (Sorenson, Rutter & Aneshensel, 1991) et est associé à une plus grande probabilité de rechute (Lewinsohn, Zeiss & Duncan, 1989;Lewinsohn, Roberts, Seeley, Rohde, Gotlib& Hops, 1994), à l'exception de l'étude de Coryell, Endicott et Keller (1991) qui ne démontre pas de différences de genre à propos du taux de rechute.…”

Section: La Dépression Et Les Différences Liées Au Genre Chez Les Adounclassified

Relation entre les comportements interpersonnels et la dépression chez des adolescents en fonction du genre /

Larouche¹

2005

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Probability of relapse after recovery from an episode of depression.

Cited by 130 publications

References 18 publications

Risk for recurrence in depression

Risk for recurrence in depression

Statistical mimicking of reaction time data: Single-process models, parameter variability, and mixtures

Relation entre les comportements interpersonnels et la dépression chez des adolescents en fonction du genre /

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