Probing Behavior of<i>Nezara viridula</i>on Soybean: Characterization and Comparison of Electrical Penetration Graph (EPG) Waveforms on Vegetative and Reproductive Plant Structures

Mitchell, Paula Levin; Cooke, Samuel B; Smaniotto, Lisonéia Fiorentini

doi:10.3954/jaue18-09.1

Cited by 19 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…In our study, rapid dsRNA degradation in the concentrated saliva from adult N. viridula suggested that an important amount of dsRNA could already be degraded during feeding, due to the extra-oral digestion by saliva that is characteristic for this insect. 45 However, it is important to note here is that our analysis of the dsRNA stability in the artificial diet showed that the dsRNA remained stable for at least 48 h in our setup with second-instar nymphs, with only a very slight indication of degradation. This suggests that the final nuclease concentration in the artificial diet from the second-instar nymphs might be too low to cause significant dsRNA degradation during the exposure period.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

RNAi‐mediated mortality in southern green stinkbug Nezara viridula by oral delivery of dsRNA

Sharma

Christiaens

Taning

et al. 2020

Pest Management Science

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BACKGROUND: The southern green stinkbug, Nezara viridula (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is an important emerging polyphagous pest infesting soybean in the United States, Brazil and Argentina. The indiscriminate use of synthetic insecticides to control stinkbugs has limited the effectiveness of current management strategies. Alternatively, RNA interference (RNAi) has emerged as a novel mode of action to control pests in an eco-friendly manner. RESULTS: Here, we assessed the potential of RNAi technology by oral delivery of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) for the control of N. viridula. Initially, ten candidate genes were tested by microinjection assay to select the best target genes for oral delivery. Seven genes resulted in more than 90% mortality after microinjection. To evaluate RNAi efficacy by oral delivery of dsRNA, five genes were tested by feeding the insects on gene-specific dsRNA mixed with an artificial diet. Significant mortality of 43% and 45% was observed after 14 days of treatment with ds⊍Cop and dsvATPase A, respectively. To elucidate the lower RNAi efficacy via oral delivery of dsRNA, ex vivo dsRNA degradation in the saliva and the midgut juice was performed, which indicated that the reduced RNAi efficacy is accompanied by a rapid degradation of dsRNA by digestive secretions. CONCLUSION: This study proves that RNAi can be triggered by orally delivered dsRNA in N. viridula and can be exploited to control this economically important pest. The reduced stability of dsRNA in saliva and midgut that was observed indicates a need to further improve RNAi efficacy, for example by use of specific formulations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

RNAi‐mediated mortality in southern green stinkbug Nezara viridula by oral delivery of dsRNA

Sharma

Christiaens

Taning

et al. 2020

Pest Management Science

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“…Similarly, Eu. herus ( Lucini and Panizzi 2018a ) and N. viridula ( Mitchell et al 2018 ) feeding on soybean pods use both strategies (salivary sheath and cell rupture). We found that T. limbativentris also used both strategies (salivary sheath and cell rupture) while feeding on rice stalks (vegetative structure).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The appearance and electrical origins of this waveform were similar to those of other xylem ingestion waveforms in heteropterans ( Lucini and Panizzi 2017a , 2018a ). According to Mitchell et al (2018) , Lucini and Panizzi (2018a) and Rivera and Mitchell (2020) , insects ingest from xylem for hydration, which may explain the long ingestion periods in xylem vessels.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The waveforms were named using the convention of Lucini and Panizzi (2016) with a Tl, for T. limbativentris , a number for wave type and a lower-case letter for subtype. The same naming convention has been used in other studies on stink bugs ( Lucini et al 2016 , Mitchell et al 2018 , Serteyn et al 2020 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…EPG was first used to study the feeding behavior of aphids ( McLean and Kinsey 1964 ); however, in recent years, this technique has also been used to evaluate the feeding behavior of other piercing-sucking insects, such as leafhoppers ( Joost et al 2006 ), psyllids ( Bonani et al 2010 ), and pentatomids ( Lucini and Panizzi 2016 ). The feeding behavior of several pentatomid species has been described using EPG: Edessa meditabunda (F.) in soybeans ( Lucini and Panizzi 2016 ), Piezodorus guildinii (Westwood) in soybeans ( Lucini et al 2016 ), Dichelops melacanthus (Dallas) in maize ( Lucini and Panizzi 2017a ), Dichelops furcatus (F.) in wheat ( Lucini and Panizzi 2017b ), Euschistus heros (F.) in soybeans ( Lucini and Panizzi 2018a ), Nezara viridula (L.) in soybeans ( Mitchell et al 2018 ), and Halyomorpha halys Stål in broad beans (Vicia faba L.) ( Serteyn et al 2020 ). According to Lucini and Panizzi (2018b) , EPG has great potential for increasing our understanding of the feeding process of stink bugs, which may in turn lead to new ways of mitigating impacts on crops, and potential management strategies such as selecting plants with greater insect resistance.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Unveiling the Feeding Behavior of Tibraca limbativentris (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) on Rice Using an Electropenetrography Waveform Library

Almeida

Jesus

Barrigossi

2020

Journal of Insect Science

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The rice stalk stink bug, Tibraca limbativentris Stål, damages plant stalks while feeding, making it one of the most important rice pests in South America. Because the feeding behavior of T. limbativentris has not yet been studied in rice, we investigated T. limbativentris stylet penetration (probing) in rice stalks. A waveform library was created using the new AC-DC EPG monitor with different levels of input resistance (Ri). Six different waveforms were recorded and correlated via histological studies and grouped into three phases: non-probing waveforms (Z and Np), pathway waveforms (Tl1), and ingestion waveforms (Tl2 and Tl3). The Z waveform was observed when the stink bug was standing still on the plant surface, Np when the stink bug was walking on plant surface, Tl1 was associated with stylet insertion and deep penetration into the plant tissue, and Tl2 when the stink bug was feeding on xylem vessels. The Tl3 waveform was associated with the rupture of stalk cells and was divided into two subtypes (Tl3a and Tl3b). The Tl3a waveform probably represents cell laceration with combined enzymatic maceration of stalk tissues, while Tl3b represents a short ingestion period of macerated tissues. Tibraca limbativentris uses two strategies to feed on rice stalks: a salivary sheath for feeding on xylem vessels and cell rupture (laceration and maceration) for feeding on parenchyma cells. Our study provides crucial benchmark definitions of waveforms. Future studies can now compare effects of treatments on stink bug feeding, to ultimately improve management of this pest in rice.

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AC–DC electropenetrography: fundamentals, controversies, and perspectives for arthropod pest management

Backus

Guedes

Reif

2020

Pest Management Science

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Studying the intimate association of arthropods with their physical substrate is both important and challenging. It is important because substrate is a key determinant for organism fitness; challenging because the intricacies of this association are dynamic, and difficult to record and resolve. The advent of electropenetrography (EPG) and subsequent developments allowed researchers to overcome this challenge. Nonetheless, EPG research has been historically restricted to piercing–sucking hemipteran plant pests. Recently, its potential use has been greatly broadened for additional pests with instrument advances. Thus, blood‐feeding arthropods and chewing feeders, as well as non‐feeding behaviors like oviposition by both pests and parasitoids, are novel new targets for EPG research, with critical consequences for integrated pest management. EPG can explain mechanisms of crop damage, plant or animal pathogen transmission, and the effects of insecticides, antifeedants, repellents, or transgenic plants and animals, on specific behaviors of damage or transmission. This review broadly covers the principles and development of EPG technology, emphasizing controversies and challenges remaining with suggested research to overcome them. In addition, it summarizes 60+ years of basic and applied EPG research, and previews future directions for pest management. The goal is to stimulate new applications for this unique enabling technology. Published 2020. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.

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Probing Behavior ofNezara viridulaon Soybean: Characterization and Comparison of Electrical Penetration Graph (EPG) Waveforms on Vegetative and Reproductive Plant Structures

Cited by 19 publications

References 43 publications

RNAi‐mediated mortality in southern green stinkbug Nezara viridula by oral delivery of dsRNA

RNAi‐mediated mortality in southern green stinkbug Nezara viridula by oral delivery of dsRNA

Unveiling the Feeding Behavior of Tibraca limbativentris (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) on Rice Using an Electropenetrography Waveform Library

AC–DC electropenetrography: fundamentals, controversies, and perspectives for arthropod pest management

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