“…In the case of optically pumped p-GaAs, we find a relative spin-dependent charge transfer rate difference (eqn ( 6)) of only 2 to 5%, with a possible complication due to the presence of surface states. 38 When using Al5 chiral molecules, we have found a strong spin dependence, indicating a spin-polarization after passing the chiral molecules of 6 to 19%, which is consistent with the idea that chiral molecules act as spin filters.…”